WUNRN
International Center for Transitional Justice
FOR CHILDREN BORN OF WAR – WHAT FUTURE?
https://www.ictj.org/news/uganda-children-born-war-future
http://www.irinnews.org/report/101721/for-ugandan-children-born-of-war-the-struggle-continues
Uganda - For Children Born of War, the Struggle Continues
Photo: Lindsay
McClain Opiyo/IRIN
Some of
the conflict-affected women including mothers of children born of war pose for
a picture in Awach, Gulu district during JRP study
By
Samuel Okiror
KAMPALA,
7 July 2015 (IRIN) - Actual combat may have ended almost a decade ago in
northern Uganda, but for many women abducted by the rebel Lord’s Resistance
Army and the children they conceived in captivity, the war is far from over.
Sexual exploitation, beatings, stigmatization and community rejection, lack of
medical care and education, and deprivation of land rights are among the
challenges faced by those who escaped from or were released by the LRA.
For two decades from the mid-1980s, between
10,000 and 15,000 girls and women were abducted from their homes in northern
Uganda to serve as fighters, porters and sex slaves of LRA commanders. These
forced unions resulted in a population group often neglected by post-war
recovery programmes: children born of war.
According to a recent article
published by the International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ),
“Thousands of such children exist on the margins, fathered through sexual
violence by not only the LRA, but also government forces and a multitude of
other state and non-state armed actors.”
A new report
by the Justice and Reconciliation Project, based in the northern town of Gulu,
points out that scores more women were subjected to sexual violence and
exploitations in the so-called “protected villages” where most of the
population of northern Uganda was forced to live during the war.
“As if the original violations were not
severe enough, female victims are especially susceptible to ongoing forms of
re-victimisation that extend long after initial violations occur,” says the
report, titled, “Alone Like a Tree: Reintegration Challenges Facing Children
Born of War [CBW] and Their Mothers in Northern Uganda.”
Consequences live on
The consequences for the women of protracted stigmatisation can include
depression and other forms of mental illness as well as increased vulnerability
to future abuse and violence due to economic marginalisation.
Women interviewed by the report’s authors said their new partners often “do not
want to pay their [children’s] school fees, and the step-parents are reportedly
a major source of insults against CBW. They are continuously ostracised and
isolated in some homes.”
Interviewees also reported many cases of sexual abuse of both female and male
CBW by stepfathers and other relatives. Reporting such abuse was very
difficult, especially when the perpetrators were members of the armed forces.
“In the new relationships, the slightest disagreement between husband and wife
gets blamed on the women’s past. Even when the man is also formerly-abducted,
he can stigmatize the woman, accusing her of sleeping with many men from the
bush as a means of justifying his abuse,” says the report.
One 17-year-old boy born in LRA captivity
told the researchers: “We are sometimes told the home we are staying in is not
our home, and the person taking care of us is not our father. That we should go
and look for our father. This is always said by other children in that home.
This makes our lives miserable.”
Neglected by reintegration
programmes
According to Jackson Odong of the National
Memory and Documentation Centre in the northern Ugandan town of Kitgum, the
needs of such populations have been neglected.
“Children born in captivity and their
mothers continue to suffer because while they were encouraged to return, there
was limited support for their reintegration. Focus was largely on
ex-combatants. There have been little or no specific interventions targeting
surviving children and mothers,” he said.
Irene Ikomu, a human rights lawyer and the
coordinator of Parliament Watch Uganda, told IRIN that the report highlighted
the need to evaluate current reintegration processes in northern Uganda. “There
are clearly gaps that are yet to be addressed and this explains the continued
challenges despite peace,” she said.
“Successful reintegration is not just about short-term concerns and political
stability, but should especially focus on the long-term strategies for economic
reconstruction and development,” added Ikomu.
“In northern Uganda, we cannot say we have fully addressed reintegration
without dealing with the issue of land access for the former combatants and
victims, especially with regard to CBW,” she said.
The chairman of Uganda’s Amnesty Commission,
Peter Onega, shared this view.
“It’s a serious issue. If not addressed
urgently, it’s recipe for violence and conflict. As a commission, we haven’t
done proper reintegration of these people because we are incapacitated. We
don’t have the resources due to low government funding,” he told IRIN,
explaining that only around US$1.5 million of the $2.5 million budgeted for
reintegration programmes annually had been forthcoming.
“We need to carry out community sensitization, dialogues and reconciliation
meetings to create an atmosphere for the community members to fully accept and
live peacefully with these children and women,” he added.
The ICTJ article noted that while rebels who
surrendered “were awarded reinsertion packages of basic household items by the
government, there were no additional allowances for those with children born in
captivity. This trend continues today, with many governmental and
non-governmental programmes recognizing formerly-abducted persons as a special
category for assistance, but not children born of war.”
Even within this category, different groups have different needs, the article
explained.
“For instance, female and male children will
face different challenges in societies in which females’ families receive dowry
when their daughter marries while males are expected to inherit land and other
resources when they come of age. In northern Uganda, some families and clans
have rejected male children born of war to a higher extent than females because
they do not want to allocate land to them on which to settle when they come of
age.”
In March 2014, the Women’s Advocacy Network, a coalition of various groups,
including some made up of mothers of CBW, petitioned parliament to set up a
gender-sensitive reparations fund to provide free health services to women and
children affected by the insurgency, and a mechanism to “identify, integrate,
and regularize stateless children born in captivity.” The network also called
on the government to “identify, integrate, and resettle child victims of
formerly-abducted women whose clan/cultural belongings are unknown.”
While parliament did pass a resolution, it
has yet to bear fruit.