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http://thewip.net/2015/05/05/what-limits-for-the-free-press-in-the-free-world/
“The media decide what makes the headlines and what is
conveniently ignored in order not to upset the sponsors or those in power.”
“Media houses also frequently change ownership since their values fluctuate daily depending on the size and character of the audiences and thus their advertising attraction. In fact, this impacts significantly on journalistic freedom working for a particular media, controlled by interests, which have other priorities than the advancement of an enlightened audience and the empowerment of women and youth.”
WHAT LIMITS THE FREE PRESS IN THE “FREE” WORLD?
May 5, 2015 By Kristian Laubjerg – May 5,
2015
The
liberty of journalists in countries which consider themselves as having a free
press is increasingly coming under stress by global business interests.
Since
1993 the UN has encouraged us to celebrate World Press
Freedom Day each May. This event recognizes the political and
developmental role played by journalists. The key theme for the World Press
Freedom Day this year is the importance of an independent media for the quality
of journalistic reporting. The announcement from the organizing UN
organization, UNESCO, informs that the ceremony "serves as an occasion to
inform citizens of violations of press freedom - a reminder that in dozens of
countries around the world, publications are censored, fined, suspended and
closed down, while journalists, editors and publishers are harassed, attacked,
detained and even murdered."
In western
democracies freedom of the press is often taken for granted. Limitations to
freedom of the press are usually associated with dictatorships and less
democratic regimes. Investigative journalism is considered as a distinction of
the profession. It relies on the qualities of accurate, in-depth and critical
reporting of matters of special public concern. It is associated with a high
degree of transparency enabling the audience to better evaluate underlying
values of the particular journalistic work. True investigative journalism
contributes to enlighten and empower its audiences. But with growing
concentration of ownership, journalistic performance becomes less transparent
and the audience is unable to recognize vested interests, which bias the
presentation and often results in a mere recycling of a limited number of
ideas, views and facts.
In fact,
one of the greatest dangers to a free press and thus to true democracy is the
ownership of all types of media by transnational media corporations, such as
Newscorp, Time Warner, Viacom, Walt Disney Company and many others. In 2011 the
named media had annual revenues ranging from 15 to 40 billion dollars. The Walt
Disney Company owns ABC television network, eight TV stations, 277 radio
stations and numerous other media. Viacom is the world's fourth largest media
conglomerate with interests in about 160 television networks with a reach to
600 million households around the globe. Time Warner Inc is the second largest
cable provider in the US with more than 12 million cable customers. Newscorp
has more than 27 TV stations and the Fox Broadcasting Company. It owns more
than 200 newspapers worldwide, including The Wall Street Journal and the New
York Post.
Often
non-media related businesses have made investments in these media houses. In
the mid-90's Westinghouse owned a great part of CBS television. Change of
ownership to Viacom did not improve journalistic freedom very much. It is
difficult to imagine a CBS journalist would have the courage to produce a
critical program on women workers’ conditions, say at the work place of
Westinghouse production site, even if working conditions did not satisfy ILO
norms. Similarly, it is difficult to imagine journalists at NBC presenting a
critical review of the military industry, since that company is owned 49% by
General Electric, which has also investments in the military industry.
Media
houses also frequently change ownership since their values fluctuate daily
depending on the size and character of the audiences and thus their advertising
attraction. In fact, this impacts significantly on journalistic freedom working
for a particular media, controlled by interests, which have other priorities
than the advancement of an enlightened audience and the empowerment of women
and youth.
Regardless
of the type of media, they consider themselves part of the entertainment
industry. Even the daily news is nowadays usually presented as a ‘show’. This
underlines the commercial orientation of programs which one would expect ought
to be presented without bias to an audience seeking understanding and knowledge
about particular subjects. In today’s consumer societies, news will not sell
unless it is entertaining. It is thus becoming increasingly impossible for the
media to serve the public welfare and true interests of the people. In fact
they often appear to serve against the public interest, since they rather serve
the commercial interests of transnational corporations.
The
organizers of the World Press Freedom Day prefer not to identify any of the
corporations or individuals which feed on this commercialization and
concentration of ownership of the media. Robert Murdoch Newscorp owned over 800
companies in year 2000 in more than 50 countries with a net worth of over $5
billion. He has been mentioned as having actively contributed to create public
support for the US-led intervention in Iraq. One of his directors summed it all
up when he stated that “The News is what we say it is.”
The media
decide what makes the headlines and what is conveniently ignored in order not
to upset the sponsors or those in power. Two interesting cases serve to show
how an un-free press is unable to empower and inform an electorate, thus making
them active participants in the governance of democratic institutions.
CBS aired
in 2004, less than two months before the presidential election, a program which
showed that George W. Bush, during the Vietnam War, had used his father's
influence to dodge the draft. Although the producer had worked on the subject
for years, doubts arose as to the authenticity of the supporting documentation.
CBS established an independent review panel, consisting of two individuals with
strong ties to the Bush family, as well as to the corporate world. One of the
‘independent investigators’ was a former Attorney General to former president
George H.W. Bush, father to George W. Bush. The second investigator was a
former CEO of Associated Press, Mr. L. Boccardi, who in 2001 had received the
John Peter and Anna Catherine Zenger Award for ‘Freedom of the Press and the
Public’s Right to Know’.
Paradoxically,
in this particular case of the CBS exposure of the US President as a draft
dodger, he did not believe that the public had a right to know. On the other
hand, CBS and many other reputable media did not hesitate to inform the public
about Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction, although it was
subsequently proven to be misinformation and placed by the US government for
the sake of justifying going to war. While the independent panel concluded that
there was doubt about the authenticity of the documents supporting the CBS
program, it never specifically considered whether the documents were forgeries.
CBS apologized for its program and fired the producer. Anchor Dan Rather of 60
Minutes took early retirement, but never expressed doubt about the validity of
the content of the documents, although they could not be authenticated against
the originals. The parent company of CBS is the media conglomerate Viacom owned
by the multimillionaire Sumner Murray Redstone.
The disgraceful
Florida count of the votes at the Presidential run up between W. Bush and Al
Gore is an example of a case which, if it had been pursued vigorously by the
media, could have led the world to take a different direction all together.
Instead, it was mostly left totally unreported or hidden among other seemingly
more important news items. In the year of 2000 during the final count of
essential votes in Florida, the brother to the presidential candidate, the
former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush ordered that all votes cast by imprisoned
voters be taken out and disregarded in the final count. In that process
thousands of other voters, mainly African American, were also removed. A little
less than 200,000 votes were removed.
The
United States Commission on Civil Rights undertook a scientific study of these
violations of civil rights. The findings of its investigation are presented in
“Report on the Racial Impact of the Rejection of Ballots Cast in the 2000
Presidential Election in the State of Florida." The report
shows beyond any doubt that African Americans were far more likely than other
voters to have their ballots rejected. The higher the number of African
American voter registrants in an electoral constituency, the higher the
percentage of votes rejected. On basis of other studies on voter behavior,
there are good reasons to believe that a majority of votes cast by African
Americans would have been in favor of the presidential candidate of the
Democratic Party. The Commission on Civil Rights declared that “there appears
to be a criminal violation of the Civil Rights Act.” The Commission formally
demanded that the Justice Department look into the violations which appeared to
have occurred. However, a criminal case was never opened on this subject and it
never received any attention by the public in the USA, because it was ignored
by the media. On the other hand, the hearings conducted by the Civil Rights Commission
received good coverage in the UK and Germany.
The bias
of the media today is underscored by Redstone, president of Viacom, who is
reported to have said shortly before the reelection of George W. Bush that “from
a Viacom standpoint, the election of a Republican administration is a better
deal. Because the Republican administration has stood for many things we
believe in, deregulation and so on ... and I do believe that a Republican
administration is better for media companies than a Democratic one.”
Freedom
of expression forms part of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Reporters without
Borders have ranked the USA as number 49 among 180 countries, at the same level
as Niger, Burkina Faso and Taiwan, while the Scandinavian countries top the
list.