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Ageing World – Japan Has Oldest
Population – Global Elderly Increasingly Dominated by Women
By Amy Wu -April
22, 2015
Japan may have the market on the world’s
oldest population, but some European nations are right behind. These women
survived the 2011 tsunami in Japan and moved in prefab homes supplied by the
government after the disaster.
Misao Okama celebrated her
117th birthday on March 5 surrounded by her family, which included
great-grandchildren, and congratulatory government officials. This milestone
made Okama the world’s oldest woman. She died on April 1.
Based on the most recent population forecast
and data from the United Nations, it comes as little surprise that the world’s
oldest woman came from Japan.
Japan, as is well known, ranks first in the
world in having the oldest population: 44 percent of people there are 50 years
old and over, while 25 percent of that age cohort is over 65. (The cutoff age
of 50 and older is being used for this article because it is often when people
begin facing health and employment issues, such as trying to stay in the
workforce or searching for a job after being laid off.)
As the world’s older population expands, it
is becoming more dominated by women and therefore a major feminized concern.
The booming older population is so prevalent that a working group on aging in the UN, set up in
2010, is focusing on improving the rights of older people.
The UN’s attention on aging has also been
reinforced lately in the Human Rights Council, which in 2014 appointed Rosa Kornfeld-Matte, a Chilean, the first
independent expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older people.
Japan stands out not only for its vast aging
population but also because it is so heavily female. One in 4 Japanese is older
than 65, and half of the older women who live alone suffer in poverty because
they were not encouraged to work when they were younger or were unable to find
jobs, so their social pensions are inadequate. In fact, Okama talked about
money concerns on her final birthday.
Inadequate social security benefits or
pensions from employment for older women throughout the world is a growing
problem for societies, since women who worked part time or in the informal
sector when they were younger means they do not have access to full
entitlements in their countries. In Mexico, for example, more than twice as
many older men than women are most likely to receive a social pension or other
type of old-age benefit.
An analysis of UN data from 2012 shows that
Europe claims the remaining share of oldest-population countries, with Germany
and Italy trailing Japan for second and third place. They are followed by, in
order, Bulgaria, Finland, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Slovenia, Malta and
Portugal. (The United States ranks 40th in the world.)
Population experts note that the three-oldest
countries share such traits as good diet/nutrition and better control of
infectious diseases and economic circumstances.
“The general trends are that great advances
in health care and sanitation have led to people living longer lives, and also
not having a war that has killed millions of people,” said Bethany Brown, the
policy director for HelpAge USA, a nonprofit group that builds
awareness of aging issues and advocates for older people’s needs globally. It
is affiliated with HelpAge International, which operates from Britain.
Rosa Kornfeld Matte, the first independent
expert for the UN on the rights of older people.
Demographic experts suggest that the world as
a whole has been aging rapidly over the last two decades: UN population
projections for 1999 showed, for example, that more than half the global
population was older than 26.4 years of age.
Asia ranks fourth among the oldest
continents, with Japan and South Korea anomalous there. South Korea is fast
aging because of fertility decline. Europe comes out on top in the world, with
36.5 percent of the population age 50 or over.
While many factors intersect in the aging of
a nation, one important determinant is low fertility and high longevity. Japan,
for example, has a fertility rate of 1.41 live births per woman of childbearing
age, compared with 1.9 in the US, according to the World Bank. In
fact, Japan’s population shrank by its largest amount on record in
2014, when about 1.001 million people were born and 1.269 million people died,
leaving the country with 268,000 fewer people overall.
“We need a fertility rate of 2.08 to have a
steady population, where births and deaths are matched,” said Michael Hurd,
director of the RAND Center for the Study of Aging. This rate
starkly contrasts with the world’s youngest countries, as reported in PassBlue,
where fertility rates often average 5 or more children per woman, posing an
entirely different set of challenges for countries. (Timor-Leste, in Asia, has
the world’s largest population under 25 years old.)
One side-effect of the aging trend in Japan
is a rise in immigrants, despite an avowed cultural resistance to outsiders.
Many immigrants fill labor shortages that are a result of the maturing
population. In 1990, the government began relaxing its immigration policies and
started granting citizenship to Japanese emigrants up to the third generation.
With the summer Olympics taking place in 2020 in Japan, the country will need
more migrant labor to deal with the construction of sites and influx of
visitors.
As of 2013, Japan had an estimated migrant
stock of more than 2.4 million out of a total population of 127 million,
including people from China, South Korea, Brazil, the Philippines and Thailand.
The US is not on the top-10 list and is not
aging as rapidly as Italy and Germany, two major industrialized nations,
because of its robust and solid immigration and steady birth rate, said Michael
Hodin, the executive director of the Global Coalition on Aging, a group that works
on public policies. Hodin noted that while immigration is not a long-term
solution to a rapidly maturing population, immigration is shaping demographic
structures. In the US, this has led to a steady birth rate.
Still, the US population of 76 million baby
boomers is not far behind the oldest countries in Europe, thanks to overall
improvements in health, specifically the decline in the number of smokers, a
phenomenon that began in the mid-1980s.
“That has led to continued improvements in
the number of men who have reached age 65, and we are seeing a catch-up in male
and female survival,” Hodin said.
His recent analysis of the Health and
Retirement Study conducted annually by the University of Michigan and sponsored
by the National Institute on Aging revealed that “There are some disturbing
trends in the younger population,” including more people who are 51 to 56 years
old rating their health as fair or poor. Health problems like diabetes and
obesity are most likely rising because of sedentary lifestyles and poor eating
habits.
Experts say that the countries on the top-10
list will probably keep their place and will continue to be led by pockets in
Asia and many parts of Europe. The aging trend will also extend to certain
developing countries, like China and Turkey, as these nations generate better
standards of living.
What’s critical is that the population of
older people is not only growing in rich countries but also in poor countries,
Brown of HelpAge USA said. A growing older population in developed
countries creates formidable new challenges for these governments, like
building appropriate infrastructure and transportation and health care systems
that can handle the population’s needs.
By 2050, the world will have almost 400
million people who are 80 years or older, making it the first time the majority
of middle-aged adults had living parents, according to the World Health
Organization,
Societies will need to consider addressing
larger issues, such as greater acceptance of older people. An open-ended
working group tasked by the UN General Assembly is studying gaps on the rights
and protection of older people in existing international frameworks on human
rights and identify ways, perhaps through a treaty or other legal measures, to
ensuring these rights.
Jane Barratt, the secretary general of the International Federation on Ageing, a network
of nonprofit groups, noted that the UN task force should also look at
employment and financial protection issues.
“We know that the rights of older people are
not protected globally,” she said. “There are no international laws that focus
on the lives of older people” and that “discrimination is at the heart of any
convention.”