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Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Dies at Age 90
Abdullah for the first time gave women seats on the Shura Council, an unelected body that advises the king and government. He promised women would be able to vote and run in 2015 elections for municipal councils, the only elections held in the country. He appointed the first female deputy minister in a 2009. Two Saudi female athletes competed in the Olympics for the first time in 2012, and a small handful of women were granted licenses to work as lawyers during his rule.
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia (AP) — Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah, the
powerful U.S. ally who fought against al-Qaida and sought to modernize the
ultraconservative Muslim kingdom, including by nudging open greater
opportunities for women, has died. He was 90.
More than his guarded and hidebound predecessors, Abdullah
assertively threw his oil-rich nation's weight behind trying to shape the
Middle East. His priority was to counter the influence of rival, mainly Shiite
Iran wherever it tried to make advances. He and fellow Sunni Arab monarchs also
staunchly opposed the Middle East's wave of pro-democracy uprisings, seeing
them as a threat to stability and their own rule.
He backed Sunni Muslim factions against Tehran's allies in several
countries, but in Lebanon for example, the policy failed to stop Iranian-backed
Hezbollah from gaining the upper hand. And Tehran and Riyadh's colliding
ambitions stoked proxy conflicts around the region that enflamed Sunni-Shiite
hatreds — most horrifically in Syria's civil war, where the two countries
backed opposing sides. Those conflicts in turn hiked Sunni militancy that
returned to threaten Saudi Arabia.
And while the king maintained the historically close alliance with
Washington, there were frictions as he sought to put those relations on Saudi
Arabia's terms. He was constantly frustrated by Washington's failure to broker
a settlement to the Israel-Palestinian conflict. He also pushed the Obama
administration to take a tougher stand against Iran and to more strongly back
the mainly Sunni rebels fighting to overthrow Syrian President Bashar Assad.
A royal court statement said the king died at 1 a.m. on Friday.
His successor was announced as 79-year-old half-brother, Prince Salman,
according to the statement carried on the Saudi Press Agency. Salman was
Abdullah's crown prince and had recently taken on some of the ailing king's
responsibilities.
President Barack Obama expressed condolences and offered sympathy
to the people of Saudi Arabia.
"As a leader, he was always candid and had the courage of his
convictions," Obama said. "One of those convictions was his steadfast
and passionate belief in the importance of the U.S.-Saudi relationship as a
force for stability and security in the Middle East and beyond."
Abdullah was born in Riyadh in 1924, one of the dozens of sons of
Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud. Like all Abdul-Aziz's sons,
Abdullah had only rudimentary education. Tall and heavyset, he felt more at
home in the Nejd, the kingdom's desert heartland, riding stallions and hunting
with falcons. His strict upbringing was exemplified by three days he spent in
prison as a young man as punishment by his father for failing to give his seat
to a visitor, a violation of Bedouin hospitality.
Abdullah was selected as crown prince in 1982 on the day his
half-brother Fahd ascended to the throne. The decision was challenged by a full
brother of Fahd, Prince Sultan, who wanted the title for himself. But the family
eventually closed ranks behind Abdullah to prevent splits.
Abdullah became de facto ruler in 1995 when a stroke incapacitated
Fahd. Abdullah was believed to have long rankled at the closeness of the
alliance with the United States, and as regent he pressed Washington to
withdraw the troops it had deployed in the kingdom since the 1990 Iraqi
invasion of Kuwait. The U.S. finally did so in 2003.
When President George W. Bush came to office, Abdullah again
showed his readiness to push against his U.S. allies.
In 2000, Abdullah convinced the Arab League to approve an
unprecedented offer that all Arab states would agree to peace with Israel if it
withdrew from lands it captured in 1967. The next year, he sent his ambassador
in Washington to tell the Bush administration that it was too unquestioningly
biased in favor of Israel and that the kingdom would from now on pursue its own
interests apart from Washington's. Alarmed by the prospect of a rift, Bush soon
after advocated for the first time the creation of a Palestinian state
alongside Israel.
The next month, the Sept. 11, 2001 terror attacks took place in
the United States, and Abdullah had to steer the alliance through the resulting
criticism. The kingdom was home to 15 of the 19 hijackers, and many pointed out
that the baseline ideology for al-Qaida and other groups stemmed from Saudi
Arabia's Wahhabi interpretation of Islam.
When al-Qaida militants in 2003 began a wave of violence in the
kingdom aimed at toppling the monarchy, Abdullah cracked down hard. For the
next three years, security forces battled militants, finally forcing them to
flee to neighboring Yemen. There, they created a new al-Qaida branch, and Saudi
Arabia has played a behind-the-scenes role in fighting it.
The tougher line helped affirm Abdullah's commitment to fighting
al-Qaida. He paid two visits to Bush — in 2002 and 2005 — at his ranch in
Crawford, Texas.
When Fahd died in 2005, Abdullah officially rose to the throne. He
then began to more openly push his agenda.
His aim at home was to modernize the kingdom to face the future.
One of the world's largest oil exporters, Saudi Arabia is fabulously wealthy,
but there are deep disparities in wealth and a burgeoning youth population in
need of jobs, housing and education. More than half the current population of
20 million is under the age of 25. For Abdullah, that meant building a more
skilled workforce and opening up greater room for women to participate. He was
a strong supporter of education, building universities at home and increasing
scholarships abroad for Saudi students.
Abdullah for the first time gave women seats on the Shura Council,
an unelected body that advises the king and government. He promised women would
be able to vote and run in 2015 elections for municipal councils, the only
elections held in the country. He appointed the first female deputy minister in
a 2009. Two Saudi female athletes competed in the Olympics for the first time
in 2012, and a small handful of women were granted licenses to work as lawyers
during his rule.
One of his most ambitious projects was a Western-style university
that bears his name, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
which opened in 2009. Men and women share classrooms and study together inside
the campus, a major departure in a country where even small talk between the
sexes in public can bring a warning from the morality police.
The changes seemed small from the outside but had a powerful
resonance. Small splashes of variety opened in the kingdom — color and flash
crept into the all-black abayas women must wear in public; state-run TV started
playing music, forbidden for decades; book fairs opened their doors to women
writers and some banned books.
But he treaded carefully in the face of the ultraconservative
Wahhabi clerics who hold near total sway over society and, in return, give the
Al Saud family's rule religious legitimacy.
Senior cleric Sheik Saleh al-Lihedan warned against changes that
could snap the "thread between a leader and his people." In some
cases, Abdullah pushed back: He fired one prominent government cleric who
criticized the mixed-gender university. But the king balked at going too far
too fast. For example, beyond allowing debate in newspapers, Abdullah did
nothing to respond to demands to allow women to drive.
"He has presided over a country that has inched forward,
either on its own or with his leadership," said Karen Elliot House, author
of "On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines."
"I don't think he's had as much impact as one would hope on
trying to create a more moderate version of Islam," she said. "To me,
it has not taken inside the country as much as one would hope."
And any change was strictly on the royal family's terms. After the
2011 Arab Spring uprisings in particular, Saudi Arabia clamped down on any
dissent. Riot police crushed street demonstrations by Saudi Arabia's Shiite
minority. Dozens of activists were detained, many of them tried under a
sweeping counterterrorism law by an anti-terrorism court Abdullah created.
Authorities more closely monitored social media, where anger over corruption
and unemployment — and jokes about the aging monarchy — are rife.
Regionally, perhaps Abdullah's biggest priority was to confront
Iran, the Shiite powerhouse across the Gulf.
Worried about Tehran's nuclear program, Abdullah told the United
States in 2008 to consider military action to "cut off the head of the
snake" and prevent Iran from producing a nuclear weapon, according to a
leaked U.S. diplomatic memo.
In Lebanon, Abdullah backed Sunni allies against the
Iranian-backed Shiite guerrilla group Hezbollah in a proxy conflict that flared
repeatedly into potentially destabilizing violence. Saudi Arabia was also
deeply opposed to longtime Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, whom it
considered a tool of Iran oppressing Iraq's Sunni Muslim minority.
In Syria, Abdullah stepped indirectly indirectly into the civil
war that emerged after 2011. He supported and armed rebels battling to
overthrow President Bashar Assad, Iran's top Arab ally, and pressed the Obama
administration to do the same. Iran's allies Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite
militias rushed to back Assad, and the resulting conflict has left hundreds of
thousands dead and driven millions of Syrians from their homes.
From the multiple conflicts, Sunni-Shiite hatreds around the
region took on a life of their own, fueling Sunni militancy. Syria's war helped
give birth to the Islamic State group, which burst out to take over large parts
of Syria and Iraq. Fears of the growing militancy prompted Abdullah to commit
Saudi airpower to a U.S.-led coalition fighting the extremists.
Toby Matthiesen, author of "Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi
Arabia, and the Arab Spring That Wasn't," said Abdullah was not
"particularly sectarian in a way that he hated Shiites for religious
reasons. ... There are other senior members of the ruling family much more
sectarian." But, he said, "Saudi Arabia plays a huge role in fueling
sectarian conflict."
Abdullah
had more than 30 children from around a dozen wives.