WUNRN
GENDER & FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS -
BEST PRACTICES & POLICY GUIDANCE
"Trade liberalization can also exacerbate existing gender inequalities and worsen women’s economic and social status. Evidence suggests that trade liberalization can lead to the persistence and widening of wage and occupational gaps, as well as job insecurity. For example, it has been found that the impact of trade liberalization in Chile was that gross job reallocation rates were often over twice as high for women than men (Levinshon, 1999 in Gamberoni and Reis, 2012). A cross-country review of countries in Latin America and Asia found that female intensity in manufacturing is negatively correlated with higher levels of value-added manufacturing or capital intensity in production (Tejani and Milberg, 2010 in Klugman and Gamberoni, 2012)."
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