WUNRN
ILO - International Labour
Organization
http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/forthcoming-publications/WCMS_190354/lang--en/index.htm
GLOBAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN -
GLOBAL REPORT - WOMEN FEEL LOCAL IMPACT - CRISIS
Global Employment
Trends for Women
An analysis of
five key gender gaps in the labour market
This report examines the
conditions of women’s engagement in the labour market, by estimating and
analysing five key gaps, or gender differentials, between women and men which
disadvantage women: in unemployment, in employment, in labour force
participation, in vulnerability, and in sectoral and occupational segregation.
A trend toward
convergence has come to a halt
The gaps are examined in terms
of their long-run trends, over the past decade for the economic indicators of
unemployment, employment, vulnerability and segregation, and over the past two
decades for the slower moving demographic and behavioural indicator of labour
force participation. The economic indicators are also examined in terms of more
recent trends over the course of the global financial and economic crisis of
the past five years.
Globally, gender gaps in the
economic indicators of unemployment and employment trended towards convergence
in the period 2002 to 2007, but with reversals coinciding with the period of
the crisis from 2008 to 2012 in many regions. The gender gap in labour force
participation, examined over a longer period of the last two decades, shows
convergence in the 1990s, but little to no convergence in the 2000s, with in
creasing gaps in some regions like South Asia and Central and Eastern Europe.
Demographic and behavioural change appears to have added to the impact of the
crisis, to reverse convergence in regions harder hit by the crisis, such as the
advanced economies and Central and Eastern Europe.
Economic indicators of job quality,
such as gender gaps in vulnerability and occupational segregation show
significant gaps for 2012. An indicator for sectoral segregation could be
observed over a long run period of two decades, and showed women crowding into
services sectors, in both developed and developing countries.
The report shows that reducing
gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and per capita incomes.
Remedial policy then has to address the reversals in convergence. And it has to
address the complex set of economic, demographic and behavioural factors
leading to the increase in gender-based gaps in the labour market.
29 million
jobs lost and still to be recovered
The
crisis
The immediate context of this
report is the financial and economic crisis. The policy stimulus of 2009 gave
way to austerity in 2011-12, that in 2012 led to a double dip in GDP growth in
some countries. The 29 million net jobs lost during the global economic crisis
have not been recovered. The Eurozone crisis combined with the “fiscal cliff”
threat in the United States, have generated downside risks to growth. The IMF’s
downgrade of global GDP growth for 2013, from 3.8 to 3.6 per cent, has led the
ILO to estimate that an additional 2.5 million jobs could be lost in 2013 as
result.
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http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_192901/lang--en/index.htm
Gender
pay gap drops, but not for the right reasons. ILO report says women’s pay has
become closer to that of men in most countries but warns that in some cases
this may just mean that men are worse off now than before the crisis.
19
December 2012 - GENEVA (ILO News) – The gap between women’s and men’s pay has
declined over the crisis years in most countries, but not always for the right
reasons, according to the
ILO's
Global Wage Report 2012/13.
In some cases, this is because men’s situation in the labour market has
deteriorated while women’s situation has improved or stayed the same.
In Estonia, for example, changes in the gender pay gap are usually cyclical,
increasing in times of growth and decreasing during recessions.
|
Men’s
situation in the labour market has deteriorated while women’s situation has
improved or stayed the same.” |
Men
worked in sectors that were hardest hit by the crisis and also worked fewer
hours, which helped to narrow the pay gap.
In some Middle Eastern countries few women are employed and those who do earn
more than men.
In Syria, for example, only about 13 per cent of women were economically active
in 2010 before the civil war, but 74 per cent of them worked in the public
sector, where wages were about 1.5 times higher than in the private sector.
There are major differences across the globe when it comes to how much men and
women are paid. Statistics sometimes vary depending on whether all full-time,
or part-time employees are considered.
In Norway, the gap in hourly wages is lowest for part-time work. This means
that men and women who work part-time have similar pay. But men earn
considerably more than women in full-time employment. The gender pay gap is
even higher when all employees are taken into account, because a larger
proportion of women work part-time, where hourly pay is lower than for
full-time work.
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WUNRN
ILO - 2012 GLOBAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS
FOR WOMEN
Link to 8-Page Summary:
Link to Full 71-Page Report:
Women face particular challenges both in terms of the
sectors in which they wish to work as well as the conditions they work under.
Promoting gender equality and empowering women is vital to achieving decent
work for all and finally stamping out the discrimination that has plagued
labour markets. This publication considers a wide variety of quantitative data
collected from around the globe, organizing it into a format that projects the
causes and effects of gender-related employment trends. It also analyses policy
considerations that affect gender and employment.
The Global Employment Trends for Women 2012 report focuses on the gender
dimensions of labour underutilization and gender inequalities. As the global
jobs crisis continues unabated, the report analyses trends in employment
opportunities and the extent of unemployment, but it is also concerned with
developments in employment quality. To this end, the report analyses recent
trends and gender gaps in different employment categories, including sectoral
and occupational segregation in labour markets. It also illustrates the main
factors at the household level that influence female labour market outcomes,
presents examples of good practices and highlights key policy areas for
reducing gender-based inequalities around the world.
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