WUNRN
november 9, 2009
NEPAL: New Computer Learning Brings Girls Empowerment
and Education
PUNITA RIMAL / Asia Pacific correspondent - Women News
Network - WNN
Nepal school in Chitwan 2006. Image: Peter Voerman
KATHMANDU: Nepal has always been classed as a
developing country. In the U.S. it is often called a “third world” country. And it
may well remain that way unless Nepal can break out of the vicious cycle of
exploiting its people, particularly its women. One strategy that could break
the cycle is a dynamic evolution in the role of Nepali women and the use of new
technology.
Since 1980, almost 30 yrs ago, Nepalese women have
been included in numerous plans, policies and programs inside the country.
Paradoxically, though, the impact of broad inclusion has been very
discouraging. But something new is coming. The innovations of computer learning
in rural schools will definitely level the field for many girls who
will now finally be able to climb the ladder.
For years, Nepal “enlightened policy” for girls education has
provided incentives for increasing girls rights in school enrollment, with a push
toward “basic education” completion, but efforts have fallen short. Why?
“Educational exclusion is
most pronounced among the poorest children, and especially poor girls,” says Dr
Máiréad Dunne in her 2009 report for the University of Sussex (UK), Centre for
International Education.
Education with career, leadership and political opportunity is
key to advancing the role of women’s educational rights in Nepal. It is crucial
for Nepal to focus on efforts using increased awareness. But will Nepalese
society make any real improvements? These and other questions are part of a
revolutionary new approach with Nepal girls, and other global education
programs. For the first time, rural and poor girls, have a chance to
learn through “hands on” techniques in ICT (Information and Communication
Technologies) with the use of laptops and desktop computers.
If we see the total picture of enrollment in school, it is
nearly equal for both boys and girls in grade one, with the same dropout rate.
After this, the dropout rate for girls begins to outnumber the boys. In high
school, the rate of dropouts for teen girls rises remarkably over boys. It is
due mainly to a girl’s household workload, which grows as she gets older. The
obligation for teenage girls to manage household duties is twice as much as
teen boys in Nepal.
“I do not send my daughter
to school,” said Santi, a rural woman from the Tharu community in the Northwest
region of Nepal. “She helps me in domestic work. She needs to know the
household chores before marriage.”
The overall picture of education for girls in Nepal is often one
of ongoing limitation. Many girls are sent to Nepali government schools which
are poorly funded, are lacking facilities and often over crowed. Numerous boys,
in great contrast, are often sent to private English-based schools.
One handicap for girls is that they are generally asked to leave
school at the young age of 12, just after completing grade five, leaving
them with only a rudimentary understanding of literacy.
“Investing in adolescent
girls is precisely the catalyst poor countries need to break intergenerational
poverty and to create a better distribution of income. Investing in them is not
only fair, it is a smart economic move,” said Robert B. Zoellick, President
of the World Bank in a 2009 report, “Because I am a Girl,” by the UN
Girls Education Initiative.
Locked out of opportunities, girls from the lowest castes, known
as “dalits,” are sometimes sold by desperate parents to middle-men who
promise to find work, along with training and education, for their daughters.
One girl selling as a domestic worker currently goes for 4,000 – 6,000 Nepali
rupees ($53.00-$80.00 USD). These dalit domestic workers, called “Kamlaris” in
Nepal, often live with dashed hopes, mounting limitation, degradation and
complete educational exclusion. Although selling and hiring Kamlaris is
considered illegal in Nepal, the practice is still in motion.
Most Kamlari girls start out happy with the promise of
work and education when they leave home. As they begin to work,
though, they soon realize with regret that all the promises made to them
were lies.
Nepal schoolgirls in Kathmandu. Image: Wonderlane
Girls and women in Nepal are often steered toward gender
identified occupations. The Nepal Ministry of Education statistics show only 15
percent of women in 2006 entered the field of engineering, and less than
20 percent began careers in agriculture, forestry, law, science and technology
combined. Basic nursing education, on the other hand, welcomes the
majority of Nepalese women. In 2007, only fifty people nationwide held a
Ph.D. degree in Nepal. Of those fifty, only four were women who had doctorates
in science.
“Although participation in
their capacity as nurses is quite encouraging, the number of woman doctors is
still very small,” said a 2007 report by Nepal advocacy group, Sancharika
Samuha.
Nepal is a strip of land stretched between China to the north
and India to the south. It is in the highest part of the Himalayas, crowned by
Mount Everest, known as Sagarmatha, the head in the skies. The country is
divided into five development regions, 14 zones and 75 districts. Nepal’s total
population is 28,563,377 (July 2008 CIA World Factbook). Approx 32 percent or
8,812,675 of the population are women aged 15-64. The median age for women is
21.7. Life expectancy for women is 66.7 years.
About 76 percent of the active population is currently engaged
in the agriculture sector, which contributes 32.5 percent of the country’s GDP.
The percentage of women engaged in agriculture, including crop and food
production, is higher than that of men. A survey shows that rural women work
about 11 hours a day while men work only seven hours a day (UNESCO 2006).
Nepal’s unemployment rate is very high. Currently, it stands at approx 46
percent unemployment (CIA World Factbook).
The total adult literacy rate in Nepal is 56.5 percent (2007
UNDP). Of this total, only 26 percent of Nepali women are literate (World Bank
Country Overview 2009).
“When I came to America
(US) I was 18. That’s when I started knowing what career and work is,” said
Angela Shrestha, a 23 year old Nepali biology and business major living near
Denver, Colorado (U.S.).
Shrestha had a unique experience. She received strong support
from her parents and a (male) principal at school in Kathmandu to press forward
with her education. She was encouraged to reach her dream. Because of this, she
has managed to study in the U.S. She has jumped ahead as she now returns to
Nepal to finish a higher education in medicine and administration.
“My dad graduated from college in Nepal, but my mom had more
limited schooling,” continued Shrestha. “It completely depends on a family how
they want to treat their daughter. I was very blessed with my mom and dad
because they never differentiated between me and my brother,” she admitted.
“In Nepal, I was captain of my class and later school captain. There are
families in Nepal who will not let their daughters go to school, though.”
As in neighboring India, many girls are expected to leave their
home upon marriage and join the home of their husband. Because of this, some
women are valued in marriage only, or worse as domestic laborers only. A
surprising 40 percent of rural Nepali women still marry as young as 15, even
though 18 is the legally approved age. Pre-arranged marriages, at the age of
ten to twelve years of age for girls, are also, especially in rural areas, not
uncommon.
“If Nepal treated boys and
girls equally it would be beautiful,” said Anjela Shrestha.
In 1999, U.S. American philanthropist, John Wood, returned to
Nepal from a previous eye-opening trip where he realized that 70 percent of all
women and 35 percent men in the country were illiterate. He came with eight
donkeys loaded to the top with books ready to deliver to schools in rural
villages. This was the beginning of an educational initiative called “Room to
Read.” Room to Read does not contact villages to build its libraries and
schools; villages contact Room to Read.
The work is not easy. Those who are part of the program must be
highly motivated. Hundreds of villages have become involved in Room to Read
projects by donating labor, land, materials and their own funds. To date, Room
to Read has built over 2127 libraries, with an additional 439 projected for
2009. 388 schools have also been built, with 278 scheduled set as additional
school building projects for 2009.
Nepali girls learn ICT computer skills during a One Laptop Per
Child training program July 2009. Image: OLE Nepal
Girl participants in Room to Read’s programs have included 1,250
(2008) girls with a plan to add 350 more girl students before the end of 2009.
“Access to online resources
and educational materials can have a life-changing impact on students,” said
Room to Read program partner Paul Jacobs, chairman and CEO of Qualcomm. “Not
only will they have connectivity that enables access to learning materials and
communities for the first time, they will also have the opportunity to gain
specialized skills and training.”
Very recently, in October 2009, Room to Read launched a pilot
computer lab program at the Amar Jyoti Gaunpharka Secondary School in Pokhara
(Kaski district). The school in Pokhara is creating a way for students to
instantly reach the world via internet through Skype and Google. This comes
with a great opportunity for 350 students, many coming from poor families, to
study via the program’s 23 computers.
The program in Pokhara is also partnering with OLPC (One Laptop
Per Child) Nepal. One Laptop Per Child is the 1995 brainchild of Nicholas
Negroponte, who presented the idea with celebration at a January 2005
conference for the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.
In May 2007, amid some major design bumps, software debates and
discussions about teens and web-surfing fears, Negroponte’s vision became a
reality, with the help of designers at MIT – Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, as children in Uruguay began to learn via laptops.
It was quickly discovered that girls and boys do seek out
information on the internet from a gender perspective. Girls looked online for
doll’s clothes as boys looked for images relating to sex. These and other
issues have been discussed and are now being dealt with by teachers and staff
alike. Six months ago, OLPC Nepal launched Phase II of an April 2009 pilot
initiative (through OLE Nepal) to bring comprehensive computer learning to
26 secondary schools in over six separate districts in Nepal.
Room to Read and its participating school in Pokhara, along with
OLPC Nepal share a commitment that girls and boys will be included in all
programs equally.
“I am happy that in this
age young kids are getting equipped with new technology. These schools piloting
the project have set an example for the rest of the country,” said Nepal’s
Ministry of Education and Sports Secretary General, Dipendra Bikram Thapa,
recently in an IANS – Indo-Asian News Service interview.
Outside of the computer based learning projects for girls, in
Nepal’s political arena, women have been showing clear advances.
Women have been gaining steadily in legislative leadership. In
May 2008, out of 575 newly elected representatives, Nepal voted 33.21 percent
of the constituent assembly seats to women. Many women hope to reach a 50
percent presence of women in the constituent assembly in the coming years.
“There was a time when only
women from a high caste could be MPs. This election has changed that. Now it is
up to the 191 women of various castes, groups and ethnicities in the
constituent assembly to ensure that the rights of 12.5 million diverse Nepali
women are protected,” said Jaypuri Gharti Magar, an elected Maoist woman representative
from Rolpa who won by a 22,000 majority vote.
______________________________________________________
While trekking in 1998 philanthropist, John Wood, realized that
many children in rural Nepal couldn’t afford to go to school and that
schools in the poorest regions had a severe and chronic shortage of books.
It was a transformational experience that spurred him to start a literacy
program in Nepal called ‘Room to Read.’ This is the story of 9 year old
dalit girl, Sabina, who comes from a village in
the Kathmandu valley. Her experience is not unique to other girls who
have been brought into the Room to Read program. This 3:19 min June 2007
trailer is part of the full PBS story found on FRONTLINE World.
This video can be seen on YouTube at this
link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR4B1n3zawE&feature=player_embedded
_______________________________________________________
For more information on this important topic
go to:
§
UK DFID – UK
Department for International Development, “PSA Country Report Nepal
2009”
§
ASB – Asia
Development Bank, “Country Diagnostic Studies
– Highlights – Nepal Critical Development Constraints,” April 25,
2009
§
Room to Read, “Media Center Case Study –
Room to Read – Computer Lab,” October 22, 2008
§
OLPC – One
Laptop Per Child, “Give a laptop. Change the
world,” 2009
§
Pulitzer Center
on Crisis Reporting, “Nepal: Meet the Kamlaris,” April 14, 2009
__________________________________
Women News Network Nepal Correspondent, Punita Rimal, is a
freelance journalist who specializes in covering women’s advocacy news for the
Asia-Pacific Nepal region. She is a member of Nepal women’s media group,
SANCHARIKA.
2007 Pushcart Prize Nominee, Lys Anzia, has also contributed to
this story. Lys is a humanitarian journalist and Editor-At-Large for WNN. Her
work focuses exclusively on current worldwide conditions for global women.
__________________________________
Additional sources for this article include The Pulitzer Center
for Crisis Reporting, UNIFEM, Sancharika Samuha – Communication for Equality,
UNGEI – UN Girls Education Initiative, ASB – Asian Development Bank, UNESCO,
Open Learning Exchange Nepal, Room to Read Education Programs, DFID – UK
Department for International Development, World Bank Publications, OLPC – One
Laptop Per Child, MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of
Sussex – Centre for International Education, World Vision, The World Factbook –
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, IPS and the Kathmandu Post.
________________________________________
©Women News Network – WNN 2009
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