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Egypt - First Muslim Woman Mazouna Defies Male Dominance |
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By Farah El Alfy in |
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In late September, Soliman, who holds a Masters degree in Islamic Sharia law, broke into what has until now been an exclusively males-only club. However, the Committee of Egyptian Mazouns, an all-male organisation, challenged Soliman's application saying the job would be inappropriate for a woman and voiced their opinion in a statement issued by the committee. A
marriage officer presides over a wedding (or divorce) ceremony, recites
verses from the Quran and signs the official certificates making the union
legally binding.
Al Jazeera recently spoke with Soliman shortly after she conducted her first wedding ceremony on October 25. Al Jazeera: Why did you decide to apply for a position that has traditionally – and for centuries – been a male vocation? Soliman: In 2007 one of the two marriage officers of my neighbourhood passed away, leaving behind a job opportunity. For
three months everyone wondered who would be able to replace Al Hajj Abou
Mesalam and right before the deadline (October 2007) for applying I rushed
over to the civil court in Zagazig, the heart of rural I had
been interested in pursuing a doctorate degree in Islamic studies but also
maintaining a flexible job that would allow me to spend time with my three
children.
Legally, there is no reason why a woman can't do the job, and the Mufti (Islamic scholar and interpreter of Islamic law) said it was religiously acceptable as it is only an administrative position. In October 2007, my husband and I formally submitted an application to the local family court clerk for the post of marriage officer. Was your application accepted?
Well, I took my husband with me because I was afraid I would be made fun of, which I was. When I applied the man at the desk laughed openly at me and said that is was just not possible. He imagined I would go home and forget about it, but instead I argued and told him that I had studied Sharia Law and I know it is an administrative job. Though the clerk refused to accept my submission, I turned to Ibrahim Darwish, head of the local magistrate in Zagazig for his opinion. Darwish was puzzled; he said there was no precedent for this situation so he did not know what to say. I took that as a sign that there was a small window of opportunity. I
then consulted Khaled el-Shalkamy, the head judge of Zagazig's family
court. I
told him it was my right to be nominee as I was extremely qualified. I told him just to accept me and let the other people involved in the selection process do the rest. Were there no other applicants for the job? Actually, I was in competition with 10 other candidates, all men, but none of them held post-graduate degrees in Sharia law like I did. So el-Shalkamy accepted my application.
On February 25, I couldn't hold back my tears as I stood in front of the local court and was appointed as my district's new mazouna. But the battle was half-won. I would not be able to begin work as a mazouna until Mamdouh Marei, the Egyptian minister of justice, formally signed off and authorised my appointment. But many males did not accept the idea that a woman could hold
what has been a man's job and you were targeted in the media. The chairman of the Committee of Egyptian Mazouns, Muhammad Abou
Ayeeta, said "the Ministry [of Justice] should refuse the appointment,
because it is unacceptable that women would work in this
occupation." How did you deal with the backlash? Well,
at first my optimism slowly started to fade as I saw so much
opposition. Some But there were two main reasons for the opposition I faced. Firstly, it is simply rooted in male chauvinism. These people believe the woman's place is firmly in her house. The other group was comprised of uneducated people who have developed an image of women's role in Islam from television; usually based on the words of a sheikh with a turban on his head. Arguments made against me claimed that a woman couldn't perform marriages because of menstruation, as religion prevents women from praying or entering a mosque during her monthly cycle. Others claimed that it was inappropriate for a woman to sit amongst men during the signing of the marriage certificates, which is traditionally predominately a male gathering where the marriage officer sits directly between the groom and his father-in-law. Did no religious authority or group support you? Well,
four months after contacting the Ministry of Justice and receiving no word, I
contacted the National Council for Women for a louder voice and stronger
backing.
Both my opponents and proponents were beginning to wonder if I would ever receive the approval of the ministry of justice. From the first moment that my papers where accepted as a nominee, the national press caught wind of this unusual event. A
journalist in Al Akhbar, one
of Eventually the news went global. I think the media was a catalyst and made my appointment go through faster than it would have. It
made me happy to have so much international coverage … Sometimes when I'm
sitting alone I wonder if I'm dreaming. What is going on? Did we really
pull this off? I'm
happy not just for me; I had always wanted to show the world But you did not get ministry approval until September 27; why
did it take the ministry so long? Of course I was happy and relieved, but more importantly I regained my confidence when the minister finally signed my appointment. I had slowly started to doubt myself up to that point. However, I now believe that the minister had to be cautious, as this case was the first of its kind. But laws are not religion. We can develop them. On November 14, the |
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----- Original Message -----
From: WUNRN
To: WUNRN ListServe
Sent: Sunday, May 18, 2008 12:10 PM
Subject: Egypt - First Female Official Appointed to Certify
Marriages & Divorces - Divisive Public Views
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Egypt:
Marriage-Maker's Gender Ruffles Egyptians |
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5/18/08 |
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By
Joseph Mayton |
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Egypt has appointed its first female official to certify marriages and divorces. The move has been met by public debate and opposition from some Muslim clerics who say women shouldn't serve in the role. Seventh in a series on women and Islam. |
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CAIRO, Egypt (WOMENSENEWS)--Amal Soliman did not realize how large a controversy would erupt here when she sought to become Egypt's first female "maazun," or Islamic public notary who performs wedding ceremonies and authorizes marriage and divorce certificates. "I knew it was going to be a little bit in the press, but I didn't really think it would be such a big deal," Soliman says about her February selection by local government officials. "It is what it is and I don't want to have politics as a part of the discussion of me being a maazun because I am a simple housewife who wants to work close to home and raise my kids." Religious leaders have both condemned and endorsed her selection. Her status was significant enough to require the government to approve it. But she's not brandishing it in a quest for equal rights and recoils from having her appointment politicized. "I don't want people, especially the West, to take me as a victory for women in Egypt and the Middle East," she says. "I am Egyptian and a Muslim so what I am doing is for here and not for the West." Already, people know about the "female maazun" in her town of Qaniyat, an hour east of Cairo. "They point you in the direction of 'Madame Soliman's house' if you ask," she says. People knock on her door every day to be married, even though she still waits for official permission to work from the national justice ministry. She has heard about others, though, who will stay away. "Some people have said that I am not appropriate to be a maazun because I am a woman," she says, "but I am confident this will fade with time." Sought
Employment, Not Controversy
Soliman, a 32-year-old mother of three, applied for the position when it became vacant after her father-in-law passed away. The job is not inherited, and there are hundreds of maazuns in Egypt, one for each local district. "I didn't really think about the gender issue when I applied for the job," she says. "It was close to my house and I needed something so close by so I could still be at home for my kids." Ten others, all men, applied to fill the vacancy. Soliman had a master's degree in law from Zagazig University as well as law and criminal justice diplomas and had the highest qualifications. Justice Minister Mamdouh Marei has sought to relieve tensions among Egypt's powerful Islamic scholars, saying that Soliman's nomination was based "on her abilities rather than on her gender." A year ago, 30 women were appointed as judges in response to activists' complaints that Egypt lagged in female participation in the judiciary. "Everyone is beginning to recognize women's rights and women's potential," Hanan Abdel-Aziz, one of the appointed judges, told the state press at the time. Egypt has stood out among Arab nations in women's participation in many aspects of life and politics. Suffrage was granted in 1956, ahead of most others in the region. Women are about 30 percent of the private professional and technical work force, but few are high officials in the government. Detecting Forced
Marriages
One of Soliman's responsibilities will be to ensure there is no coercion behind a wedding, particularly when younger brides are involved. As many as one in three weddings are forced upon the woman, who is often under 18, according to the Egyptian Center for Women's Rights in Cairo. "As a woman I will be better able to find out if the girl wants to get married and if she is being forced into the agreement by an outside party," Soliman says. "I wanted to take this position because it gives women and girls who are getting married a real opportunity to take action." Ibrahim Abdel Salam, 26, an employee at a Cairo cafe, nonetheless objects. "It is wrong to have a woman in this position. My sheikh tells me that if we are to get married that we must avoid her because she can't do the job." "I know that women are not as strong as men," says Heba Mahmoud, a female student at Cairo University who, like many young people here, embraces conservative Islam, which is growing in influence in Egypt. "That is why some jobs are supposed to remain in the hands of men. She can't do the job. I mean, there are so many reasons that she can't, but when it comes down to it, women are not made to be in positions of power." Islamic scholars are divided about a woman having legal responsibility for marriage and divorce. A devout Muslim, Soliman embraces the view that Islam does not bar women from having a career in anything. "Islam is pro-women's rights and it is social customs that put women's rights backward," she says. No Religious
Prohibition
No religious texts ban a female maazun, says Sheikh Fawzi Zefzaf, deputy director of Al-Azhar University, an influential center of Sunni Muslim theology. "But when a woman is menstruating she must not enter a mosque or read Quranic verses and that will affect her job, so for this reason we say it is not advisable to have a woman maazun," the sheikh said in a statement from his office. Soliman says she will conduct home visits with couples who need her authority to avoid breaking Islamic law and an assistant will be able to work in the mosque when she is forbidden to enter. "This is an opportunity for women to show that they have a right to be in such positions and the Arab and Islamic world need to accept this and move forward," says Mohamed Serag, a professor of Islamic studies at the American University in Cairo. The profession used to be "a man's business" and the controversy will pass, Serag says. "She is a public notary, not an official representative of Islam and this needs to be understood." The manner in which some scholars are downgrading the maazun's importance is disconcerting to Aida Seif Al Dawla, a leading activist. She wonders "why was it all over the press" if Soliman's job is inconsequential. "This is a precedent for women in Egypt no matter what anyone says," Seif Al Dawla says. "Since when has getting married not been important? I say good for her for taking this step." Soliman says a female maazun is more likely to be readily accepted in Cairo, where people are "more open" than in her own town. But the time has arrived for women to enter the profession. "I think Egypt is ready for this." |
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