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Title of the Tool
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Objective of the Tool
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Notes on the Tool
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Desk Review
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To
gather the existing documented information on the specific topic. This tool
is very relevant in getting background information on the specific topic.
Specifically when implementing Gender Analysis, this tool aims to
understand the extent of gender disaggregated data available in the
country.
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Involves
detailed review of relevant documents within the Bank and within the
country. This tool provides an introduction to the existing knowledge of
the topic within the Bank and the country.
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Household Interview
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To
directly gather quantitative information from the beneficiaries on their socio-economic
characteristics. The quantitative data thus collected will help to
interpret the qualitative data gathered through other sources
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Typically
household interviews are carried out by quantitative study experts.
Interviews include a sequence of focused questions in a fixed order, often
with pre-determined, limited options for responses. They are carried out
among the direct beneficiaries. The unit of study is the household. An
average duration of such an interview is estimated to be one hour.
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Focus Group Discussion
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To
openly discuss and build consensus on the perceptions, attitudes and views
of the primary stakeholders on the objective and strategy of the proposed
project. It also aims to ensure whether the proposed changes are acceptable
to them.
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FGDs
carried out by the qualitative study experts are relatively low cost, small
group (four to twelve participants plus facilitator). The participants of
FGDs are homogenous, belonging to the same category of the beneficiary
population. Separate FGDs with male and female participants are mandatory
in order to fully explore gender differences in attitudes, feelings, and
preferences. The facilitator should be well experienced in gathering
qualitative data to lead FGDs. In addition, the local consultant team
leader should ensure that the facilitator has the know-how for how to
facilitate equal participation from all its participants. If not, the
discussion can get monopolized by a few participants. An average duration
of a FGD is 2.–2.5 hours. Care should be taken not to increase the duration
of FGDs over three hours as participants tend to loose the focus of the
discussion. Light refreshments can be served depending on the location and
type of participants of the FGD.
Other
tools such as trend analysis, social mapping and day time use analysis can
be carried out as part of FGDs to capture information on specific topics of
interest.
(Details
on these tools are provided in the next section of the table.)
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Direct Observation
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To
perceive the existing situation in a selected locality.
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Simplest
of all techniques implemented by the qualitative study. It involves
counting, noting behavior and expression, and registering notable facets of
a particular development situation. This could be carried out in selected
locations that enable the researcher to capture the activities of the
beneficiaries on the specific topic.
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Semi-structured interviews
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To
provide a forum for one-to-one discussion in a relaxed atmosphere on
specific topics with direct beneficiaries and secondary informants.
Specifically it aims to provide an opportunity for self-expression to
populations who are shy or otherwise resistant to opening up in front of
others
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Also
called conversational interviews, carried out by the qualitative study
experts, provide a framework within which respondents can express their own
understanding in their own terms. It is often structured around a number of
pre-determined topics. They are structured by interview guide with a
limited number of preset questions with the flexibility to elaborate on
specific topics if desired by the person interviewed. This kind of guide
ensures that the interview remains focused on the development issue while
allowing enough conversations so that the participants can introduce and
discuss topics that are relevant to them. These tools are deliberate
departure from survey-type interviews with lengthy, predetermined
questionnaires. These interviews are carried out with secondary informants
and direct beneficiaries. The average duration of such an interview is
estimated to be one hour.
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Case Study
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To study
individual cases relating to the topic. These case studies will help in
dramatizing / highlighting problems and issues of an individual or a
household within a community.
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Case
study stories bring out the individual’s or household’s major needs,
issues/problems, and their perception of the solution to these problems
through conversations in a relaxed atmosphere. This method probes to
document the individual’s personal details such as name, place of
residence, employment status, marital status, number of children, etc.
Sample population will be selected purposively based on the key topic
studied. They are undertaken by the qualitative study experts. The average
duration of such a conversation can last between 2-2.5 hours depending on
the personality of the beneficiary studied.
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Stakeholder workshops
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To
provide an open forum to discuss and build consensus and ownership of the
field findings and recommendations and thus arrive at an agreement on the
next steps. This is a powerful tool for reaching a consensus when there are
contradictions among the information gathered from different sources.
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Stakeholder
workshops are held at the end of fieldwork. All levels of stakeholders are
encouraged to participate in the workshops. The workshop is an effective
way to discuss common findings in the field, to disseminate the field
findings, to create ownership of the findings, and to decide on the next
steps. Participants can include both direct and indirect beneficiaries
along with government representatives, Bank staff, and NGOs/private
organizations. Average duration of these workshops can range from half a
day to a full day.
Stakeholder
workshops can also be used as the only major tool to discuss and come to
consensus on specific topics such as developing transport strategies,
monitoring and evaluation of gender issues in project implementation, etc.
In this case, a series of such workshops will be carried out in one or more
locations on different recommendations from various studies.
Qualitative
study experts are responsible for implementing stakeholder workshops.
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Additional Tools to be Used as Part of Focus Group Discussions
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Types of tool
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Objective of the Tool
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Notes on the tool
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Trend Analysis
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To
provide a sequence of changes from a chosen period to the current date.
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Trend
analysis involves requesting participants to discuss various changes that
have occurred within the community over a period of time such as role of
women in households, rate of labor participation of women, rate of female
children attending schools and universities, etc. Often important events
are used to identify the period as people often cannot relate if only dates
are provided. This tool is carried out as part of the FGD.
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Day-time Use Analysis
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To
gather information on the various activities of an individual during a
typical day. This tool specifically aims to understand the pattern of
behavior of an individual.
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Day-time
use analysis involves gathering detailed information on the type of
activities performed by both male and female beneficiaries. It also documents
when these activities are performed and the average time spent on each
activity. Specifically, this tool will help in identifying the types of
activities typically undertaken by men and women and the average time spent
by them on various activities during the course of the day. Some of the
typical activities covered include time spent on: (i) collecting
water/firewood , (ii) waiting for public transport, (iii) accompanying
children to school, (iv) travelling to work place, etc. This tool is
carried out as part of FGD.
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Social Mapping
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To
provide a visual display of community members’ perceptions of the physical
dimension of their community in social and economic terms.
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Social
Mapping helps to develop: (i) inventory of resources within the community (
types of available roads, modes of transport on these roads, wells, hand
pumps, schools, public service buildings, etc); (ii) inventory of type of
households (whether slums/poor or non-poor or both); and (iii) location of
community resources in relation to the households of differing wealth
levels. Maps can be drawn on the ground by the participants or on regular
paper. If on the ground, the participants could use different objects like
twigs, stones, leaves, etc to differentiate various types of resources, and
if on regular paper, the participants could use color markers to
differentiate various types of resources. Maps on regular size paper are
preferred as they could be included as part of the annex in the specific
site report. This tool is carried out as part of the FGD.
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