WUNRN
The
U.N.'s World Food Program is struggling as costs of food and fuel skyrocket
while the numbers of people needing help surge across the globe. Millions are
in danger.
By
Edmund Sanders and Tracy Wilkinson
Los Angeles Times Staff Writers
April 1, 2008
Bosire Bogonko / AFP / Getty Images
This
photo taken February 12, 2008 shows Sudanese women carrying sacks of relief
food in Boro Medina, in south
KHARTOUM, SUDAN — For 15 years, he's been a "grocer" for Africa's
destitute. But he's never seen anything like this.
Pascal Joannes' job is to find grains, beans and oils to fill a food basket for
Sudan's neediest people, from Darfur refugees to schoolchildren in the barren
south.
Lately Joannes has spent less time shopping and more time poring over commodity
price lists, usually in disbelief.
"White beans at $1,160," the white-haired Belgian, 52, cries in
despair over the price of a metric ton. "Complete madness! I bought them
two years ago in Ethiopia for $235."
Joannes is head of procurement in Sudan for the World Food Program, the United Nations
agency in charge of alleviating world hunger.
Meteoric food and fuel prices, a slumping dollar, the demand for biofuels and a
string of poor harvests have combined to abruptly multiply WFP's operating
costs, even as needs increase. In other words, if the number of needy people
stayed constant, it would take much more money to feed them. But the number of
people needing help is surging dramatically. It is what WFP Executive Director
Josette Sheeran calls "a perfect storm" hitting the world's hungry.
The agency last month issued an emergency
appeal for money to cover a shortfall tallied at more than half a billion
dollars and growing. It said it might have to reduce food rations or cut people
off altogether.
The most vulnerable are people like those in Sudan, whom Joannes is struggling
to feed and who rely heavily, perhaps exclusively, on the aid. But at least as
alarming, WFP officials say, is the emerging community of newly needy.
These are the people who once ate three meals a day and could afford nominal
healthcare or to send their children to school. They are more likely to live in
urban areas and buy most of their food in a market.
They are the urban poor in Afghanistan, where the government has asked for
urgent help. They are families in Central America, who have been getting by on
remittances from relatives abroad, but who can no longer make ends meet as the
price of corn and beans nearly doubles.
"This is largely a new caseload," John Aylieff, the emergency
coordinator for the WFP's assessment division, said at the agency's Rome headquarters.
Aylieff and his staff assess the vulnerability of people in 121 countries.
About 40 of the nations have been judged to be at risk of serious hunger, or
already suffering from it.
The criteria include: how much does the country rely on imported food; how
large is the urban population; what is the current rate of inflation, and what
portion of their income do families spend on food (in Burundi, for example,
it's 77%; in the U.S. it's 10%).
In the short term, officials predict food riots and political unrest, as has
occurred in recent weeks in Pakistan, Indonesia and Egypt. In Egypt, shortages
of government- subsidized bread recently triggered strikes, demonstrations and
violence in which seven people died.
In the longer term, overall health worsens and education levels decline.
"Finally they end up selling their productive assets [and] that pretty
much means they will remain economically destitute, even when things come back
to normal," said Arif Husain, senior program advisor for the assessment division,
who recently moved to the WFP's Rome headquarters after years in Sudan.
Countries are taking steps to avert widespread hunger. Some, like Egypt and
Indonesia, have quickly expanded subsidies; others, like China, have banned
exports of precious commodities.
Afghanistan was the first country to request urgent help. President Hamid
Karzai in January asked the agency to feed an additional 2.5 million people,
most of them urban poor, in addition to the 5 million rural people the agency
already feeds.
In Kabul, the Afghan capital, Abdul Fatah and his wife Nooriya raise their five
children on her teacher's salary; he lost his government job a year ago.
"Life is getting harder day by day," said Fatah, who is 45 but looks
far older. "We cannot even buy meat once a month."
The price of wheat in Afghanistan has risen by more than two-thirds in the last
year. Because staples such as rice, oil and beans are also expensive, Fatah and
his wife are sometimes unable to buy pens and notebooks for the children to use
in school. Unable to afford both food and lamp oil, the household goes to sleep
early.
Kabul homemaker Mahmooda Sharif, a mother of three, said that instead of eating
meat twice a week, her family can now afford it only twice a month. The cost of
food competes with school expenses and medical bills. She has delayed dental
visits because she can't afford them.
A world away in El Salvador, in hills that once yielded abundant harvests of
coffee, signs of malnutrition are spreading.
Salvadorans need twice the money to buy the same amount of food they could
purchase a year ago, meaning their nutritional sustenance is cut in half, the
WFP says.
"My children ask for food, and how can I not feed them? They ask for some
eggs, beans, and I give it to them," said Maria De Las Mercedes Ramirez, a
41-year-old mother of five. "I, as the mother, will eat less."
The Ramirezes are one of about 70 families living in shacks on a desolate
coffee plantation near the town of Taltapanca, abandoned more than a decade ago
when coffee prices took a dive. Most of the families are run by mothers; the
fathers have left to find work in the Salvadoran capital, or out of the
country.
Ramirez lives on about $80 a month that comes from wages her husband sends and
the little she can eke from an occasional job pruning coffee plants. What
Ramirez spends on corn has shot up more than 50% in the last few months,
cooking oil is up 75%, and beans have doubled in price.
Many families rely heavily on schools that give students one meal a day.
"You can see a lot of concern in their faces when they come to pick up
their kids," principal Delsy Amilia Chavez said of the mothers. "And
some of the mothers are anemic. They can't afford to eat beans and aren't
getting the iron they need."
The school meals are provided by the WFP, but the agency is transferring the
program to the government and reports that some schools have been unable to
continue them.
Carlo Scaramella, the WFP country director in El Salvador, said hurricanes and
drought last year added an additional 160,000 people to the 100,000 that the
agency was already feeding. One million are at risk, he said.
In Egypt, President Hosni Mubarak ordered army-owned bakeries that produce 1.2
million loaves a day to pour more bread onto the general market.
The government also allocated almost $1 billion to bread subsidies for 2008. It
subsidizes 210 million loaves of flat round bread a day, the main item on most
Egyptians' daily menu. As commodity prices soared, subsidized bread became
precious, and fights broke out in queues at bakeries and stores.
The price of unsubsidized bread has gone up 10 times, and rice doubled in a
single week, said Farag Wahba Ahmed, an official with Egypt's Chamber of
Commerce.
In Sudan, where the WFP oversees the largest emergency food operation in the
world, aid officials are drafting contingency plans for coping with a smaller
supply. In Darfur, especially, they must tread carefully.
"There's no way we can come in and say, 'We have no more food,' "
Joannes said. "It would create riots."
Darfur, the beleaguered region in western Sudan, accounts for three-fourths of
the WFP's operation here, which in total distributes 632,000 metric tons of
food valued at $700 million to 5.6 million people (more than in Afghanistan, Bangladesh
and Indonesia combined).
The WFP has sought to lower costs by turning to regional markets to buy food.
Buying from local farmers helps the budget since it eliminates shipping costs.
But because the WFP is such a big buyer, it has to be careful not to distort
the market.
A 30% increase in costs in Sudan in the last four months is blamed chiefly on
rising prices for locally produced sorghum. The WFP is already absorbing 6% of
the national production and fears that buying more would destabilize the market.
Joannes boasts that he found a good deal recently on a mix of lentils from
Ethiopia, buying them for only $700 a metric ton, far less than the going rate
for white beans. But bargains are hard to find.
Back in Rome, Nicole Menage, head of the food procurement service, receives
daily, sometimes hourly, reports on rising prices and falling reserves. It's
like a mammoth board game, with multiple moving pieces.
She and her associates last year managed to find in China 12,000 tons of maize
needed urgently in nearby North Korea. Then, suddenly, China slapped on an
export ban and the agency ended up finding the maize in Tanzania.
"The only tool we have is to stretch the net as far as possible," she
said.
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