Ratification
defines the international act whereby a state indicates its consent to be
bound to a treaty if the parties intended to show their consent by such an
act. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usually accomplished
by exchanging the requisite instruments, while in the case of multilateral
treaties the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the
ratifications of all states, keeping all parties informed of the situation.
The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time-frame to
seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact
the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty.
[Arts.2
(1) (b), 14 (1) and 16, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969]
3.
Accession
"Accession"
is the act whereby a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a
party to a treaty already negotiated and signed by other states. It has the
same legal effect as ratification. Accession usually occurs after the treaty
has entered into force. The Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his
function as depositary, has also accepted accessions to some conventions
before their entry into force. The conditions under which accession may occur
and the procedure involved depend on the provisions of the treaty. A treaty
might provide for the accession of all other states or for a limited and
defined number of states. In the absence of such a provision, accession can
only occur where the negotiating states were agreed or subsequently agree on
it in the case of the state in question.
[Arts.2
(1) (b) and 15, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969]
_______________________________________________________________
http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/ratification/11.htm
UN
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
|
Last
update:
|
13 July 2007
|
|
Entry
into force:
|
2
September 1990, in accordance with article 49 (1).
|
|
Registration:
|
2
September 1990, No. 27531.
|
|
Status:
|
Signatories:
140 , Parties: 193
|
|
Participant
|
Signature
|
Ratification, Acceptance (A), Accession (a), Succession
(d)
|
|
Afghanistan
|
27
Sep 1990
|
28
Mar 1994
|
|
Albania
|
26
Jan 1990
|
27
Feb 1992
|
|
Algeria
|
26
Jan 1990
|
16
Apr 1993
|
|
Andorra
|
2
Oct 1995
|
2
Jan 1996
|
|
Angola
|
14
Feb 1990
|
5
Dec 1990
|
|
Antigua
and Barbuda
|
12
Mar 1991
|
5
Oct 1993
|
|
Argentina
|
29
Jun 1990
|
4
Dec 1990
|
|
Armenia
|
.
|
23
Jun 1993 a
|
|
Australia
|
22
Aug 1990
|
17
Dec 1990
|
|
Austria
|
26
Aug 1990
|
6
Aug 1992
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
.
|
13
Aug 1992 a
|
|
Bahamas
|
30
Oct 1990
|
20
Feb 1991
|
|
Bahrain
|
.
|
13
Feb 1992 a
|
|
Bangladesh
|
26
Jan 1990
|
3
Aug 1990
|
|
Barbados
|
19
Apr 1990
|
9
Oct 1990
|
|
Belarus
|
26
Jan 1990
|
1
Oct 1990
|
|
Belgium
|
26
Jan 1990
|
16
Dec 1991
|
|
Belize
|
2
Mar 1990
|
2
May 1990
|
|
Benin
|
25
Apr 1990
|
3
Aug 1990
|
|
Bhutan
|
4
Jun 1990
|
1
Aug 1990
|
|
Bolivia
|
8
Mar 1990
|
26
Jun 1990
|
|
Bosnia
and Herzegovina 3
|
.
|
1
Sep 1993 d
|
|
Botswana
|
.
|
14
Mar 1995 a
|
|
Brazil
|
26
Jan 1990
|
24
Sep 1990
|
|
Brunei
Darussalam
|
.
|
27
Dec 1995 a
|
|
Bulgaria
|
31
May 1990
|
3
Jun 1991
|
|
Burkina
Faso
|
26
Jan 1990
|
31
Aug 1990
|
|
Burundi
|
8
May 1990
|
19
Oct 1990
|
|
Cambodia
|
.
|
15
Oct 1992 a
|
|
Cameroon
|
25
Sep 1990
|
11
Jan 1993
|
|
Canada
|
28
May 1990
|
13
Dec 1991
|
|
Cape
Verde
|
.
|
4
Jun 1992 a
|
|
Central
African Republic
|
30
Jul 1990
|
23
Apr 1992
|
|
Chad
|
30
Sep 1990
|
2
Oct 1990
|
|
Chile
|
26
Jan 1990
|
13
Aug 1990
|
|
China
4 ,
5
|
29
Aug 1990
|
2
Mar 1992
|
|
Colombia
|
26
Jan 1990
|
28
Jan 1991
|
|
Comoros
|
30
Sep 1990
|
22
Jun 1993
|
|
Congo
|
.
|
14
Oct 1993 a
|
|
Cook
Islands
|
.
|
6
Jun 1997 a
|
|
Costa
Rica
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Aug 1990
|
|
Côte
d'Ivoire
|
26
Jan 1990
|
4
Feb 1991
|
|
Croatia
3
|
.
|
12
Oct 1992 d
|
|
Cuba
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Aug 1991
|
|
Cyprus
|
5
Oct 1990
|
7
Feb 1991
|
|
Czech
Republic 6
|
.
|
22
Feb 1993 d
|
|
Democratic
People's Republic of Korea
|
23
Aug 1990
|
21
Sep 1990
|
|
Democratic
Republic of the Congo
|
20
Mar 1990
|
27
Sep 1990
|
|
Denmark
|
26
Jan 1990
|
19
Jul 1991
|
|
Djibouti
|
30
Sep 1990
|
6
Dec 1990
|
|
Dominica
|
26
Jan 1990
|
13
Mar 1991
|
|
Dominican
Republic
|
8
Aug 1990
|
11
Jun 1991
|
|
Ecuador
|
26
Jan 1990
|
23
Mar 1990
|
|
Egypt
|
5
Feb 1990
|
6
Jul 1990
|
|
El
Salvador
|
26
Jan 1990
|
10
Jul 1990
|
|
Equatorial
Guinea
|
.
|
15
Jun 1992 a
|
|
Eritrea
|
20
Dec 1993
|
3
Aug 1994
|
|
Estonia
|
.
|
21
Oct 1991 a
|
|
Ethiopia
|
.
|
14
May 1991 a
|
|
Fiji
|
2
Jul 1993
|
13
Aug 1993
|
|
Finland
|
26
Jan 1990
|
20
Jun 1991
|
|
France
|
26
Jan 1990
|
7
Aug 1990
|
|
Gabon
|
26
Jan 1990
|
9
Feb 1994
|
|
Gambia
|
5
Feb 1990
|
8
Aug 1990
|
|
Georgia
|
.
|
2
Jun 1994 a
|
|
Germany
7
|
26
Jan 1990
|
6
Mar 1992
|
|
Ghana
|
29
Jan 1990
|
5
Feb 1990
|
|
Greece
|
26
Jan 1990
|
11
May 1993
|
|
Grenada
|
21
Feb 1990
|
5
Nov 1990
|
|
Guatemala
|
26
Jan 1990
|
6
Jun 1990
|
|
Guinea
|
.
|
13
Jul 1990 a
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
26
Jan 1990
|
20
Aug 1990
|
|
Guyana
|
30
Sep 1990
|
14
Jan 1991
|
|
Haiti
|
26
Jan 1990
|
8
Jun 1995
|
|
Holy
See
|
20
Apr 1990
|
20
Apr 1990
|
|
Honduras
|
31
May 1990
|
10
Aug 1990
|
|
Hungary
|
14
Mar 1990
|
7
Oct 1991
|
|
Iceland
|
26
Jan 1990
|
28
Oct 1992
|
|
India
|
.
|
11
Dec 1992 a
|
|
Indonesia
|
26
Jan 1990
|
5
Sep 1990
|
|
Iran
(Islamic Republic of)
|
5
Sep 1991
|
13
Jul 1994
|
|
Iraq
|
.
|
15
Jun 1994 a
|
|
Ireland
|
30
Sep 1990
|
28
Sep 1992
|
|
Israel
|
3
Jul 1990
|
3
Oct 1991
|
|
Italy
|
26
Jan 1990
|
5
Sep 1991
|
|
Jamaica
|
26
Jan 1990
|
14
May 1991
|
|
Japan
|
21
Sep 1990
|
22
Apr 1994
|
|
Jordan
|
29
Aug 1990
|
24
May 1991
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
16
Feb 1994
|
12
Aug 1994
|
|
Kenya
|
26
Jan 1990
|
30
Jul 1990
|
|
Kiribati
|
.
|
11
Dec 1995 a
|
|
Kuwait
|
7
Jun 1990
|
21
Oct 1991
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
.
|
7
Oct 1994 a
|
|
Lao
People's Democratic Republic
|
.
|
8
May 1991 a
|
|
Latvia
|
.
|
14
Apr 1992 a
|
|
Lebanon
|
26
Jan 1990
|
14
May 1991
|
|
Lesotho
|
21
Aug 1990
|
10
Mar 1992
|
|
Liberia
|
26
Apr 1990
|
4
Jun 1993
|
|
Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
|
.
|
15
Apr 1993 a
|
|
Liechtenstein
|
30
Sep 1990
|
22
Dec 1995
|
|
Lithuania
|
.
|
31
Jan 1992 a
|
|
Luxembourg
|
21
Mar 1990
|
7
Mar 1994
|
|
Madagascar
|
19
Apr 1990
|
19
Mar 1991
|
|
Malawi
|
.
|
2
Jan 1991 a
|
|
Malaysia
|
.
|
17
Feb 1995 a
|
|
Maldives
|
21
Aug 1990
|
11
Feb 1991
|
|
Mali
|
26
Jan 1990
|
20
Sep 1990
|
|
Malta
|
26
Jan 1990
|
30
Sep 1990
|
|
Marshall
Islands
|
14
Apr 1993
|
4
Oct 1993
|
|
Mauritania
|
26
Jan 1990
|
16
May 1991
|
|
Mauritius
|
.
|
26
Jul 1990 a
|
|
Mexico
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Sep 1990
|
|
Micronesia
(Federated States of)
|
.
|
5
May 1993 a
|
|
Monaco
|
.
|
21
Jun 1993 a
|
|
Mongolia
|
26
Jan 1990
|
5
Jul 1990
|
|
Montenegro8
|
.
|
23 Oct 2006 d
|
|
Morocco
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Jun 1993
|
|
Mozambique
|
30
Sep 1990
|
26
Apr 1994
|
|
Myanmar
|
.
|
15
Jul 1991 a
|
|
Namibia
|
26
Sep 1990
|
30
Sep 1990
|
|
Nauru
|
.
|
27
Jul 1994 a
|
|
Nepal
|
26
Jan 1990
|
14
Sep 1990
|
|
Netherlands
8
|
26
Jan 1990
|
6
Feb 1995 A
|
|
New
Zealand 9
|
1
Oct 1990
|
6
Apr 1993
|
|
Nicaragua
|
6
Feb 1990
|
5
Oct 1990
|
|
Niger
|
26
Jan 1990
|
30
Sep 1990
|
|
Nigeria
|
26
Jan 1990
|
19
Apr 1991
|
|
Niue
|
.
|
20
Dec 1995 a
|
|
Norway
|
26
Jan 1990
|
8
Jan 1991
|
|
Oman
|
.
|
9
Dec 1996 a
|
|
Pakistan
|
20
Sep 1990
|
12
Nov 1990
|
|
Palau
|
.
|
4
Aug 1995 a
|
|
Panama
|
26
Jan 1990
|
12
Dec 1990
|
|
Papua
New Guinea
|
30
Sep 1990
|
2
Mar 1993
|
|
Paraguay
|
4
Apr 1990
|
25
Sep 1990
|
|
Peru
|
26
Jan 1990
|
4
Sep 1990
|
|
Philippines
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Aug 1990
|
|
Poland
|
26
Jan 1990
|
7
Jun 1991
|
|
Portugal
5
|
26
Jan 1990
|
21
Sep 1990
|
|
Qatar
|
8
Dec 1992
|
3
Apr 1995
|
|
Republic
of Korea
|
25
Sep 1990
|
20
Nov 1991
|
|
Republic
of Moldova
|
.
|
26
Jan 1993 a
|
|
Romania
|
26
Jan 1990
|
28
Sep 1990
|
|
Russian
Federation
|
26
Jan 1990
|
16
Aug 1990
|
|
Rwanda
|
26
Jan 1990
|
24
Jan 1991
|
|
Saint
Kitts and Nevis
|
26
Jan 1990
|
24
Jul 1990
|
|
Saint
Lucia
|
30
Sep 1990
|
16
Jun 1993
|
|
Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines
|
20
Sep 1993
|
26
Oct 1993
|
|
Samoa
|
30
Sep 1990
|
29
Nov 1994
|
|
San
Marino
|
.
|
25
Nov 1991 a
|
|
Sao
Tome and Principe
|
.
|
14
May 1991 a
|
|
Saudi
Arabia
|
.
|
26
Jan 1996 a
|
|
Senegal
|
26
Jan 1990
|
31
Jul 1990
|
|
Serbia3
|
.
|
12
Mar 2001 d
|
|
Seychelles
|
.
|
7
Sep 1990 a
|
|
Sierra
Leone
|
13
Feb 1990
|
18
Jun 1990
|
|
Singapore
|
.
|
5
Oct 1995 a
|
|
Slovakia
6
|
.
|
28
May 1993 d
|
|
Slovenia
3
|
.
|
6
Jul 1992 d
|
|
Solomon
Islands
|
.
|
10
Apr 1995 a
|
|
Somalia
|
9
May 2002
|
.
|
|
South
Africa
|
29
Jan 1993
|
16
Jun 1995
|
|
Spain
|
26
Jan 1990
|
6
Dec 1990
|
|
Sri
Lanka
|
26
Jan 1990
|
12
Jul 1991
|
|
Sudan
|
24
Jul 1990
|
3
Aug 1990
|
|
Suriname
|
26
Jan 1990
|
1
Mar 1993
|
|
Swaziland
|
22
Aug 1990
|
7
Sep 1995
|
|
Sweden
|
26
Jan 1990
|
29
Jun 1990
|
|
Switzerland
|
1
May 1991
|
24
Feb 1997
|
|
Syrian
Arab Republic
|
18
Sep 1990
|
15
Jul 1993
|
|
Tajikistan
|
.
|
26
Oct 1993 a
|
|
Thailand
|
.
|
27
Mar 1992 a
|
|
The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 3 , 10
|
.
|
2
Dec 1993 d
|
|
Timor-Leste
|
.
|
16
Apr 2003 a
|
|
Togo
|
26
Jan 1990
|
1
Aug 1990
|
|
Tonga
|
.
|
6
Nov 1995 a
|
|
Trinidad
and Tobago
|
30
Sep 1990
|
5
Dec 1991
|
|
Tunisia
|
26
Feb 1990
|
30
Jan 1992
|
|
Turkey
|
14
Sep 1990
|
4
Apr 1995
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
.
|
20
Sep 1993 a
|
|
Tuvalu
|
.
|
22
Sep 1995 a
|
|
Uganda
|
17
Aug 1990
|
17
Aug 1990
|
|
Ukraine
|
21
Feb 1990
|
28
Aug 1991
|
|
United
Arab Emirates
|
.
|
3
Jan 1997 a
|
|
United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 4 , 11
|
19
Apr 1990
|
16
Dec 1991
|
|
United
Republic of Tanzania
|
1
Jun 1990
|
10
Jun 1991
|
|
United
States of America
|
16
Feb 1995
|
.
|
|
Uruguay
|
26
Jan 1990
|
20
Nov 1990
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
.
|
29
Jun 1994 a
|
|
Vanuatu
|
30
Sep 1990
|
7
Jul 1993
|
|
Venezuela
|
26
Jan 1990
|
13
Sep 1990
|
|
Viet
Nam
|
26
Jan 1990
|
28
Feb 1990
|
|
Yemen
12
|
13
Feb 1990
|
1
May 1991
|
|
Zambia
|
30
Sep 1990
|
6
Dec 1991
|
|
Zimbabwe
|
8
Mar 1990
|
11
Sep 1990
|