WUNRN
|
At least 25 percent of girls are married by the age of 15,
and one in 10 married girls aged 15-19 gives birth before age 15 |
NIORO DU SAHEL, 30
August 2007 (IRIN) - Two years ago, in the western Malian village of
Korera-Kore, a 13-year-old girl was forced into marriage during her school
summer holiday. She died after complications during sex on her wedding night.
This young Malian, whose case was documented by a local
organisation called the Coordination of Women’s Associations and
Non-governmental organisations (CAFO), is one of more than 60 million women
globally who were married or in union before the age of 18, according to estimates
by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).
Campaigners say forced early marriage, or child
marriage, is a problem that has been largely untouched by the international
community. In Mali it is considered by the research organisation Population
Council as “one of the most severe crises of child marriage in the world
today”; the few workers in this field say progress is too slow.
“There hasn’t been a really concerted effort to address
the issue [at the international level],” said Naana Otoo-Oyortey, a founding
member of the Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls, a network of
mostly UK-based organisations who campaign against early marriage and violence
against women. “It’s been a neglected issue.”
Otoo-Oyortey said unlike female genital mutilation/cutting,
which is prohibited in many international conventions, child marriage receives
little visibility and little funding from donors for programmes to reduce the
practice, despite its link to increased rates of maternal mortality, fistula
and HIV/AIDS.
Legal framework |
Slow decline
In Mali, according to the latest statistics from the
2001 Demographic and Health Survey, 65 percent of women aged 20-24 were married
by the age of 18, one of the highest rates in the world. Nationwide, 25 percent
of girls were married by the age of 15, and one in 10 married girls aged 15-19
gave birth before age 15.
While this marks a decrease since 1987, when 79 percent
of Malian women married as children, advocates say the numbers are not dropping
fast enough, largely because not enough people are working on the subject.
“The global trend has been a slow decline,” said Nassra
Abass, a consultant in UNICEF’s child protection section in New York. “[But]
there’s definitely a lot more that we can do.”
She said UNICEF’s focus has been on reducing female
genital cutting (FGC), a movement that has “momentum”, unlike child marriage,
honour killings and other traditional practices considered harmful by the UN.
“There have not been very many resources or much time
invested in early marriage. There aren’t many programmes running. That’s why
the decline is slow,” Abass told IRIN.
Dangers
The mild decline in early marriage in Mali has been
attributed to the few education and awareness raising programmes that do exist.
In the western Malian region of Kayes, where 83 percent
of girls are married by the age of 18, particular effort has been paid to
informing people of the risks of early marriage.
According to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), girls aged
15-19 are twice as likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth as women aged
20-24. Among girls aged 10-14, the risk is five times greater. Early onset of
sexual activity has also been linked to increased risk of HIV/AIDS because
child brides are less likely to be educated and more likely to have unprotected
sex with older men who have had more sexual partners.
New research by CAFO of Nioro du Sahel, one of Kayes’s
largest cities, showed that in Kayes, between 2005 and May 2007, at least 10
girls - many not yet teenagers - lost their lives because of complications
after their wedding nights, sometimes due to haemorrhaging after forced
intercourse.
Education
As a result, in July, CAFO joined with UNICEF, the
government department responsible for the promotion of women, and the union of
independent radio and TV stations, to organise the first public awareness
campaign in the region of Kayes. It included a three-day workshop with
religious and community leaders, informing them of the dangers of early
marriage and helping them produce messages against early marriage to be
broadcast in the local media. A similar workshop took place in the eastern
region of Gao in June.
“We were ignorant. We married girls at 9, 10, 11 or 12
years old. Now, we’ve seen the reality. We will no longer practice this,”
Diawara Mamadou, head of the town of Gogui and one of 12 community
representatives present at the workshop, told IRIN.
For the last two years, UNICEF has also been working
with communities in three regions of Mali - Segou, Mopti and Kayes - to inform
residents of the risks, help them abandon the practice, and set up committees
that will intervene in cases of early marriage. UNICEF in Mali has set up an
internal working group to better coordinate work on early marriage, and hopes
to extend these programmes nation-wide.
“[In Mali], we are the only ones interested in this
problem,” said Fabienne Dubey, assistant programme officer for education at
UNICEF-Mali. “I don’t know of other organisations working on this. It is still
very rudimentary.”
|
Women do a lot of cooking, cleaning and manual work in
Mali. Education is poor |
UNFPA runs educational programmes focusing on
reproductive health that include, but do not specifically target, early
marriage. Starting in 2008, UNFPA will make early marriage more of a priority,
according to reproductive health programme officer Mariam Cissoko.
What works
“The most important thing that a national government
should do is ensure enforcement of its own laws,” said Kathy Selvaggio, senior
policy advocate at the Washington, DC-based International Center for Research
on Women, an organisation lobbying the US government to spend more of its aid
money fighting early marriage.
She said legal enforcement must be combined with
programmes that provide alternatives to early marriage by increasing the levels
of education and economic opportunities of girls.
“Where you have successes in combating child marriage,
[as in India and Ethiopia], they’ve been these comprehensive approaches,”
Selvaggio told IRIN.
The Malian government does consider child marriage a
form of violence against women, and “there is a whole policy to fight against
violence done to women,” according to Kanté Dandara Touré, national director
for the promotion of women at the Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children
and Family.
She said the national committee for the fight against
detrimental practices does include early marriage in its sensitisation work,
using media, community leaders and theatre, but no government programme targets
early marriage exclusively.
...It's a question of priorities, and right now female genital
cutting is at the top...
|
“It’s a question of priorities,” and right now “female
genital cutting is at the top,” Touré said, noting that more than 90
percent of Malian women are circumcised.
Priorities
Making early marriage a political priority is a
necessary first step for change, according to maternal mortality research by
Professor Jeremy Shiffman, of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public
Affairs of Syracuse University.
“In Honduras, safe motherhood became one of the
country’s foremost health priorities, and between 1990 and 1997, the country
experienced a 40 percent decline in its maternal mortality ratio, one of the
most significant reductions in such a short time span ever documented in the
developing world,” he wrote in a May 2007 article in the American Journal of
Public Health.
He found that nine factors shaped the degree to which
maternal mortality reduction emerged on the national policy agenda, including
efforts by international agencies to establish a global norm concerning its
unacceptability; financial and technical resources from international donors;
the degree to which national advocates coalesced as a political force; the
generation of national attention for the cause; and the existence of competing
health causes.
================================================================
To leave the list, send your request by email to:
wunrn_listserve-request@lists.wunrn.com. Thank you.