June 8, 2007
The Struggle of the Refugee / Internally
Displaced Girl ChildIn 2007 there are more than 30 million
refugees, half of them children, and
an estimated 24.5 million internally
displaced persons, 70-80% of them women
and children. For the girl-child,
every-day struggles are compounded by
distant bureaucratic process, politics,
gender and the short window of
all-important childhood. For
International Refugee Day on June 20, AWID
reflects on the struggle of girls,
with a particular emphasis on child
soldiers.
By Rochelle Jones -
AWID
Refugees, IDPs and protection under the law...
The legal
definition of a refugee in Article 1 of the UN Refugee Convention
is a person
who: "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for
reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
group, or political
opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and
is unable or, owing
to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the
protection of that
country" [1].
This widely used definition is technically gender
blind despite the claims
of women asylum-seekers differing from those of men
in many respects. For
example, "women often suffer harms which are either
unique to their gender,
such as female genital mutilation or forcible
abortion, or which are more
commonly inflicted upon women than men, such as
rape or domestic violence.
Second, women's claims differ from those of men in
that they may suffer
harms solely or exclusively because they are women,
i.e., as a result of
their gender (such as the policies of the Taliban in
Afghanistan). And
third, women often suffer harm at the hands of private
individuals rather
than governmental actors" [2]. Whilst many countries have
now adopted
policies that recognise gender-specific forms of persecution,
putting these
policies into practice is not routine, with a wide gap
between
gender-specific mandates and human resources allocated to the
task.
Women in conflict situations are given specific protection under
the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325, but similar to
policies
adopted by countries recognising gender-based persecution,
visibility and
implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 is complex, problematic
and slow.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Declaration on
the
Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict set
out
international standards on the rights of children, but again,
state
adherence to the principles and tenets of these instruments is
also
problematic.
IDPs are offered less protection than
refugees. According to a joint
report by the Internal Displacement
Monitoring Centre and the Norwegian
Refugee Council, "national governments
have the primary responsibility for
the security and well-being of all
displaced people on their territory, but
often they are unable or unwilling
to live up to this obligation as defined
by the Guiding Principles on
Internal Displacement, the set of relevant
international standards. In the
absence of a single agency mandated to help
IDPs, the international community
has been trying to work out arrangements
aimed at ensuring a collaborative,
inter-agency response to the needs of
the displaced". [3]
The reality
for many refugee and internally displaced girls...
The Women's Commission
for Refugee Women and Children has found that
"refugee girls are among the
most at risk of all uprooted people. They are
subjected to abduction
and rape, forced marriage and slavery, trafficking
and exploitation. Because
they are female, they are less likely to learn to
read and write or have
opportunities for formal education. Also, because
they are female, they
are often considered the property of their families,
with little or no say in
decisions regarding marriage, employment or other
life choices" [4]. At
a time in their lives which should be marked by
enormous potential, refugee
girls' lives are characterised by poverty,
violence and idleness
[5].
In conflict situations and during mass flight, children lose
parents,
friends and communities. "Young people are compelled to take on
adult
roles, protecting and providing for younger children. Children
lose
opportunities to learn, and are denied the structure, stability
and
predictability they need to develop their potential. They ultimately
lose
their sense of trust and hope for the future" [6].
Girls
at severe risk are those who are directly drawn into a conflict. In
Africa,
for example, up to 100,000 children, some as young as seven, were
estimated
to be involved in armed conflict in mid 2004. Children are also
used as
soldiers in various Asian countries and in parts of Latin America,
Europe and
the Middle East. Forcible abductions continue to occur in
many
countries, but some children voluntarily join armies and militias to
escape
poverty and destitution. Many girls have reported enlisting to
escape
domestic servitude, violence and sexual abuse [7].
At least
30,000 boys and girls are estimated to be associated with armed
forces in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) [8], for example, but
the presence of
girls in armed groups internationally has been largely
ignored and denied.
Refugees International has found that "from Colombia to
Sri Lanka to Kosovo
to Sierra Leone, girls have been involved in armed
conflict. Some girls are
actively recruited, many are abducted or
conscripted into service, but a few
also join voluntarily. The perception
is that girl combatants are just "bush
wives" or porters, but their
activities within the armed group go beyond
that. Girls often play integral
roles as frontline fighters, commanders,
spies, medics and spiritual
leaders. However, when the fighting finally
stops, boys enter
demobilization camps for rehabilitation and reintegration
into society and
the girls are often forgotten" [9].
Further, the
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (the Coalition)
has found that
"despite growing recognition of girls' involvement in armed
conflict, girls
are often deliberately or inadvertently excluded from
Disarmament
Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programs" [10]. Such
programs provide
rehabilitation pathways for child soldiers to resume life
back in their
communities, and when girls are overlooked in this process,
they often find
their way into the commercial sex trade because of a lack
of skills and
education, as well as stigmatisation by their home
communities.
A
recent report by the Coalition, surveying DDR programs in West Africa
found
that DDR frameworks for girls were lacking, and that many girls were
left out
of official programs. This was due to the application of
different
definitions of child soldiers which did not include girls who are
recruited
for sexual purposes and forced marriage [11].
Abuses against
refugee and internally displaced girls continue to be
perpetrated with
impunity. Whilst the UN and NGOs try to address the issues
that girls are
facing, lessons are still to be learned from Liberia and
Sierra Leone with
regards to child soldiers and DDR programs targeting
girls. Emerging refugee
and displacement crises in Iraq will further
challenge the resources that are
currently available.
On International Refugee Day, it is important to
highlight the challenges
facing the marginalised, but also to draw attention
to the need for
conflict prevention and resolution. As refugee and IDP
numbers increase
worldwide, proactive strategies to address conflict before
it escalates
should be increasing concurrently. Progressively, women are
playing an
important role in this process, as lessons from previous conflicts
have
revealed that women's activism on the ground in conflict situations
is
active and effective. International intervention strategies,
however, are
still a long way from effectively engaging and collaborating
with these
grass roots women's movements. If the rising tide of refugees is
to be
tempered, however, women are the key actors to achieve
it.
Notes:
[1] The 1951 Refugee Convention: Questions and Answers.
United Nations High
Commissioner for
Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org.au/pdfs/1951QA.pdf
[2] Center for Gender
and Refugee Studies, University of California
Hastings College of the Law.
http://cgrs.uchastings.edu/background.php
[3] Report available to download
from
http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/9251510E3E5B6FC3C12572BF0029C267/$file/Global_Overview_2006.pdf[4]
Women's Commission for Refugee Women and
Children.
http://www.womenscommission.org/projects/children/girl_ref.php
[5] Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2007.
Untapped
Potential: Displaced Youth.
http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/youth.pdf
[6] The International Rescue
Committee.
http://www.theirc.org/what/irc_programs_for_children_in_armed_conflict.html[7]
http://www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/some-facts
[8] Refugees
International
http://www.refintl.org/content/article/detail/9296/
[9] Ibid.
[10]
http://www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/some-facts [11]
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, November 2006. Note that
the
Cape Town Principles define a "child soldier" as "any person under 18
years
of age who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or
armed
group in any capacity, including but not limited to cooks,
porters,
messengers, and those accompanying such groups, other than purely as
family
members. It includes girls recruited for sexual purposes and
forced
marriage. It does not, therefore, only refer to a child who is
carrying or
has carried arms."
http://www.child-soldiers.org/library/Nov_2006_-WestAfrica_Surveydoc_-_FINAL.pdf