MAGEEQ PROJECT
Background |
The 1997 Treaty of
Amsterdam places equality between women and men among the explicit tasks
of the European Union and obliges the EU to promote gender equality in all
its tasks and activities. In the strategy of Gender Mainstreaming it is
recognised that gender should be an essential part of policies on science,
labour market and employment, development co-operation and education. The
Gender Mainstreaming approach that has been legitimated by this Treaty is
backed by legislation and by positive action in favour of women (or the
"under-represented sex"). With regard to gender inequality, the EU has
both a formal EU problem definition at the present time, and a formalised
set of EU strategies.
The world-wide adoption of the Gender Mainstreaming strategy can be traced back to the UN-conference in Beijing, and is connected to earlier agreements, such as CEDAW. Since Beijing, the EU has been among the major pioneers in developing Gender Mainstreaming, both by starting a process of Gender Mainstreaming within the European Commission itself, by diffusing information to Member States and candidate states in a number of conferences and seminars (in Brussels, Bled, London), and through the reorganisation of EU-policies so that Member States can hardly escape engaging in Gender Mainstreaming too (as in the case of the new regulations for the Structural Funds). After Beijing, several national governments have also announced that Gender Mainstreaming will be adopted as part of their continuous efforts to achieve gender equality. Countries such as Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands took the lead in developing specific tools. At yet another level, supranational organisations such as the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Council of Europe, the World Bank and the ILO started initiatives directed at their respective constituencies. At most levels, feminist movements exert pressure in favour of Gender Mainstreaming. |
Why gender inequality as a research case? |
Gender inequality is
not a simple problem, but a highly political problem, meaning that there
is no real consensus about what the problem is exactly, about why and for
whom it is a problem, about who is responsible for the existence of the
problem, who is responsible for solving it. This means that there is an
ongoing political power struggle over these definitions. The words that
are used in the context of gender mainstreaming habitually suggest
consensus, but more often than not these words - inequality between men
and women, differences between men and women, equal opportunities for men
and women - function as buzz words: they allow the illusion of consensus,
until a hidden difference of opinion can no longer be concealed.
Studies on the implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union show that its revolutionary potential is endangered by distortions due to shifts in gender equality concepts connected to national differences, or by a lack of articulation of its goal. In view of the Enlargement and the Charter of Fundamental Rights, they warn against a focus on employment or on technocratic instruments and are concerned about the lack of attention for Eastern European realities and for other structural inequalities. Moreover, Gender mainstreaming is a typical example of a strategy that involves not only multiple levels in governance, but also multiple shifts in governance. Multiple levels because it involves not only national or regional state bureaucracies, but also institutions in fields like science and economy. Multiple shifts in governance, because the strategy aims at a reorganisation of policy processes, and a shift in responsibilities. The strategy of Gender Mainstreaming aims at a multiplication of actors, policy areas and policy levels (Council of Europe 1998). The ongoing political struggle over the definition of gender equality, the implementation problems in Gender Mainstreaming and the connection to multiple shifts in governance are three good reasons to choose gender inequality as a research case for a study on policy framing. |
Objectives |
MAGEEQ will pursue the
following scientific objectives:
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Results |
The main results that
MAGEEQ will deliver are:
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